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Примечания

Глава 1

1. О моральной философии Бентама можно прочитать во «Введениях в принципы морали и законотворчества». O философии Сиджвика – в The Methods of Ethics, 1907 (этот отрывок цитируется по седьмому изданию: London: Macmillan, 1963), p. 382. Вот примеры ведущих современных философов-моралистов, которые говорят о необходимости одинакового рассмотрения интересов: R.M. Hare, Freedom and Reason (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1972). Чтобы прочитать вкратце общее соглашение по данному вопросу среди философов, придерживающихся этих и других позиций, см. R. M. Hare, "Rules of War and Moral Reasoning", Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (2) (1972).

Примечание редактора. Дополнительные материалы: Бентам И. Введение в основания нравственности и законодательства. М.: РОССПЭН, 1998. – С. 372. Переводчик Капустин Б.Г.

2. Письмо Анри Грегуар (Henry Gregoire), 25 февраля 1809.

3. Мемуары Френсис Д. Гейдж (Francis D. Gage), в книге Susan B. Anthony, The History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 1; этот эпизод можно найти в Leslie Tanner, ed., Voices From Women's Liberation (New York: Signet, 1970).

4. Я взял термин «спесишизм» у Ричарда Райдера (Richard Ryder). За время, прошедшее с момента первого издания книги, он вошел в общее использование, и его можно найти во втором издании Оксфордского словаря английского языка. (The Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).

5. Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, chapter 17.

6. См. M. Levin, "Animal Rights Evaluated", Humanist 37: 14-15 (July/August 1977); M.A. Fox, "Animal Liberation: A Critique", Ethics 88: 134-138 (1978); C. Perry and G.E. Jones, "On Animal Rights," International Journal of Applied Philosophy 1: 39-57 (1982).

7. Lord Brain, "Presidential Address", in C.A. Keele and R. Smith, eds., The Assessment of Pain in Men and Animals (London: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 1962).

8. Lord Brain, "Presidential Address", p. 11.

9. Richard Serjeant, The Spectrum of Pain (London: Hart Davis, 1969), p. 72.

10. См. Доклады: Комитета по вопросам жестокости к диким животным (Committee on Cruelty to Wild Animals, Command Paper 8266, 1951), абзацы 36-42; Ведомственного комитета по экспериментам на животных (Departmental Committee on Experiments on Animals, Command Paper 2641, 1965), абзацы 179-182; Технического комитета по изучению благополучия животных, содержащихся в системах интенсивного животноводства (Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems, Command Paper 2836, 1965), абзацы 26-28 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office).

11. См. Stephen Walker, Animal Thoughts (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983); Donald Griffin, Animal Thinking (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984); Marian Stamp Dawkins, Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare (London: Chapman and Hall, 1980).

12. См. Eugene Linden, Apes, Men and Language (New York: Penguin, 1976). Популярные доклады о некоторых более недавних работах см. Erik Eckholm, "Pygmy Chimp Readily Learns Language Skill", The New York Times, June 24, 1985; и "The Wisdom of Animals", Newsweek, May 23, 1988.

13. In the Shadow of Man (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 225. Майкл Питерс (Michael Peters) говорит о том же в «Природа и культура» ("Nature and Culture"). Stanley and Roslind Godlovitch and John Harris, eds., Animals, Men and Morals (New York: Taplinger, 1972). О примерах некоторых непоследовательностей, которые наблюдаются при отрицании того, что существа без дара речи могут чувствовать боль, можно прочитать в книге Bernard Rollin, The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).

14. Я здесь не принимаю во внимание религиозные взгляды, например, доктрину, что бессмертная душа есть только у людей, или же они созданы по образу и подобию Бога. Но с исторической точки зрения они очень важны и, вне сомнения, частично из-за них утвердилась идея о том, что человеческая жизнь обладает особой святостью (чтобы прочитать дальнейшее обсуждение истории, см. главу 5). Но с точки зрения логики эти взгляды неудовлетворительны, так как они не дают аргументированного объяснения, почему бессмертная душа есть у людей, а у животных ее нет. Это мнение тоже оказывается под подозрением как одна из форм спесишизма. В любом случае, те, кто отстаивает «святость жизни», обычно с неохотой обосновывают свою позицию лишь религиозными доктринами, потому что эти доктрины уже не принимаются всеми, как раньше.

15. Чтобы познакомиться с общим обсуждением этих вопросов, см. мою книгу Practical Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), а более подробно обращение с неполноценными людьми рассматривается в книге Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, Should the Baby Live? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).

16. Чтобы проследить, как эта тема развивалась, см. мой очерк "Life's Uncertain Voyage", в P. Pettit, R. Sylvan and J. Norman, eds., Metaphysics and Morality (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), pp. 154-172.

17. Противники движения за освобождение животных часто не обращают внимания на предшествующую дискуссию, которая лишь незначительно изменилась со времени первого издания книги. Очень часто для того, чтобы свести к абсурду концепцию прав животных, они утверждают следующее: «Некоторые из этих людей считают, что каждое насекомое, каждая мышь, имеет такое же право на жизнь, как и человек» (эти слова были недавно сказаны одним экспериментатором, доктором Ирвином Вайсманом) (Dr. Irving Weissman, цитируется Кэтрин Бишоп в "From Shop to Lab to Farm, Animal Rights Battle is Felt", The New York Times, January 14, 1989). Было бы интересно, каких известных борцов за права животных, придерживающихся этой точки зрения, назвал бы доктор Вейсман. Конечно же (если предположить, что он говорил о праве на жизнь человека, чьи умственные способности очень отличаются от таковых у насекомого или мыши), я не занимаю описанную позицию. Я сомневаюсь, что ее поддерживает много людей – если вообще кто-то поддерживает – в движении за освобождение животных.

Глава 2

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  2. U.S. Air Force, School of Aerospace Medicine, Report No. USAFSAM-TR-87-19, October 1987.
  3. U.S. Air Force, Report No. USAFSAM-TR-87-19, p. 6
  4. Donald J. Barnes, "A Matter of Change", in Peter Singer, ed., In Defense of Animals (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985).
  5. Air Force Times, November 28, 1973; The New York Times, No­vember 14, 1973.
  6. B. Levine et al., "Determination of the Chronic Mammalian Toxicological Effects of TNT: Twenty-six Week Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the Beagle Dog", Phase II, Final Report (U.S. Army Medical Research and Devel­opment Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, June 1983).
  7. Carol G. Franz, "Effects of Mixed Neutron-gamma Total-body Irradiation on Physical Activity Performance of Rhesus Mon­keys", Radiation Research 101: 434-441 (1985).
  8. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 54: 90 (1965).
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  10. Maternal Care and Mental Health, World Health Organization Monograph Series, 2: 46 (1951).
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  12. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 80 (1): 11 (1972).
  13. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation 1: 247 (1969).
  14. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 3 (3): 299 (1973).
  15. Journal of Comparative Psychology 98: 35-44 (1984).
  16. Developmental Psychology 17: 313-318 (1981).
  17. Primates 25: 78-88 (1984).
  18. Цифры, касающиеся исследований, собрал Мартин Стивенс, доктор наук (Martin Stephens, Ph.D.), как сообщается в Maternal Deprivation Experiments in Psychology: A Critique of Animal Models. Этот доклад подготовлен для Американского антививисекционного общества (American Anti-vivisection Society), Национального антививисекционного общества (National Anti-Vivisection Society) и Антививисекционного общества Новой Англии (New England Anti-Vivisection Society) (Бостон, 1986).
  19. Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain, 1988, Command Paper 743 (London: Her Majesty's Sta­tionery Office, 1989).
  20. U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Education (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986), p. 64.
  21. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Livestock and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Represen­tatives, 1966, p. 63.
  22. См. A. Rowan, Of Mice, Models and Men (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984), p. 71; более позднее издание он лично передал в Службу технологической оценки (Office of Technology Assessment); см. Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Education, p. 56.
  23. OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Edu­cation, p. 56.
  24. Experimental Animals 37: 105 (1988).
  25. Nature 334: 445 (August 4, 1988).
  26. The Harvard Bioscience Whole Rat Catalog (South Natick, Mass.: Harvard Bioscience, 1983).
  27. Report of the Littlewood Committee, pp. 53, 166; цитируется Ричардом Райдером (Richard Ryder), "Experiments on Animals", в Stanley and Ros­lind Godlovitch and John Harris, eds., Animals, Men, and Morals (New York: Taplinger, 1972), p. 43.
  28. Подсчеты сделаны Лори Груэном (Lori Gruen) исходя из докладов, предоставленных Службой здравоохранения США (U.S. Public Health Service). Об этом сообщает Компьютерный поиск информации по научным проектам (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects, CRISP).
  29. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 67 (1): 110 (April 1969).
  30. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 24: 69-71 (1986).
  31. Behavioral and Neural Biology 101: 296-299 (1987).
  32. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 17: 645-649 (1982).
  33. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10: 307-323 (1984).
  34. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48 (2): 291 (April 1953).
  35. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 73 (3): 256 (June 1968).
  36. Animal Learning and Behavior 12: 332-338 (1984).
  37. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior and Processes 12: 277-290 (1986).
  38. Psychological Reports 57: 1027-1030 (1985).
  39. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 8: 434-446 (1984).
  40. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 19 (1): 25 (1973).
  41. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 41: 45-52 (1984).
  42. Aggressive Behavior 8: 371-383 (1982).
  43. Animal Learning and Behavior 14: 305-314 (1986).
  44. Behavioral Neuroscience 100 (2): 90-99 and 98 (3): 541-555 (1984).
  45. OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Education, p. 132.
  46. A. Heim, Intelligence and Personality (Baltimore: Penguin, 1971) p. 150; чтобы прочитать замечательное обсуждение этого феномена, см. Bernard Rollin, The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
  47. Chris Evans, "Psychology Is About People", New Scientist, August 31, 1972, p. 453.
  48. Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain, 1988 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989), таблицы 7,8,9.
  49. J. P. Griffin and G. E. Diggle, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 12: 453-463 (1981).
  50. OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Edu­cation, p. 168.
  51. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 13: 9 (1962).
  52. OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Edu­cation, p. 64.
  53. Toxicology 15 (1): 31-41 (1979).
  54. David Bunner et al., "Clinical and Hematologic Effects of T-2 Toxin on Rats", Interim Report (U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, August 2, 1985. Цитаты Министерства иностранных дел взяты из Report to the Congress for Secretary of State Alexander Haig, March 22, 1982: Chemical Warfare in S.E. Asia and Afghanistan (U.S. Department of State Special Report No. 98, Washington, D.C., 1982).
  55. M. N. Gleason et al., eds., Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1969).
  56. PCRM Update (Newsletter of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C.), July-August 1988, p. 4.
  57. S. F. Paget, ed., Methods in Toxicology (Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1970), pp. 4,134-139.
  58. New Scientist, March 17, 1983.
  59. По поводу практолола см. W. H. Inman and F. H. Goss, eds., Drug Monitoring (New York: Academic Press, 1977); информацию о зипепроле см. C. Moroni et al., The Lancet, January 7, 1984, p. 45. Эти ссылки я взял из книги Роберта Шарпа «Жестокий обман» Robert Sharpe, The Cruel Deception (Wellingborough, Northants: Thorsons, 1988).
  60. S. F. Paget, ed., Methods in Toxicology, p. 132.
  61. G. F. Somers, Quantitative Method in Human Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1959), процитировано Ричардом Райдером (Richard Ryder) в книге Victims of Science (Fontwell, Sussex: Centaur Press/State Mutual Book, 1983), p. 153.
  62. Syndicated article appearing in West County Times (California), January 17, 1988.
  63. Как сообщается в DVM: The News magazine of Veterinary Medicine 9: 58 (June 1988).
  64. The New York Times, April 15, 1980.
  65. За дополнительными подробностями см. Henry Spira, "Fighting to Win", in Peter Singer, ed., In Defense of Animals.
  66. PETA News (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Washington, D.C.) 4 (2): 19 (March/April 1989).
  67. "Noxell Significantly Reduces Animal Testing", News Release, Noxell Corporation, Hunt Valley, Maryland, December 28, 1988; Douglas McGill, "Cosmetics Companies Quietly Ending Animal Tests", The New York Times, August 2, 1989, p. 1.
  68. "Avon Validates Draize Substitute", News Release, Avon Products, New York, April 5, 1989.
  69. The Alternatives Report (Center for Animals and Public Policy, Tufts School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, Massachusetts) 2: 2 (July/August 1989); "Facts about Amway and the Environment", Amway Corporation, Ada, Michigan, May 17, 1989.
  70. "Avon Announces Permanent End to Animal Testing", News Release, Avon Products, New York, June 22,1989.
  71. Douglas McGill, "Cosmetics Companies Quietly Ending Ani­mal Tests", The New York Times, August 2, 1989, p. 1.
  72. "Industry Toxicologists Keen on Reducing Animal Use", Sci­ence, April 17, 1987.
  73. Barnaby J. Feder, "Beyond White Rats and Rabbits", The New York Times, February 28, 1988, Business section, p. 1; также см. Constance Holden, "Much Work But Slow Going on Alternatives to Draize Test", Science, October 14, 1985, p. 185.
  74. Judith Hampson, "Brussels Drops Need for Lethal Animal Tests", New Scientist, October 7, 1989.
  75. Coalition to Abolish LD50, Coordinators Report 1983 (New York, 1983), p. 1.
  76. H. C Wood, Fever: A Study of Morbid and Normal Physiology, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, No. 357 (Lippincott, 1880).
  77. The Lancet, September 17, 1881, p. 551.
  78. Journal of the American Medical Association 89 (3): 177 (1927).
  79. Journal of Pediatrics 45: 179 (1954).
  80. Indian Journal of Medical Research 56 (1): 12 (1968).
  81. S. Cleary, ed., Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiations, U.S. Public Health Service Publication PB 193: 898 (1969).
  82. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorphagica 26 (3): 417 (1971).
  83. Archives of Internal Medicine 131: 688 (1973).
  84. G. Hanneman and J. Sershon, "Tolerance Endpoint for Evaluating the Effects of Heat Stress in Dogs", FAA Report #FAA-AM-84-5, June, 1984.
  85. Journal of Applied Physiology 53:1171-1174 (1982).
  86. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 57: 659-663 (1986).
  87. B. Zweifach, "Aspects of Comparative Physiology of Laboratory Animals Relative to Problems of Experimental Shock", Federal Procedings 20, Suppl. 9: 18-29 (1961); cited in Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 50 (8):8-19 (1979).
  88. Annual Review of Physiology 8: 335 (1946).
  89. Pharmacological Review 6 (4): 489 (1954).
  90. K. Hobler and R. Napodano, Journal of Trauma 14 (8): 716 (1974).
  91. Martin Stephens, A Critique of Animal Experiments on Cocaine Abuse, a report prepared for the American, National and New England Anti-Vivisection Societies (Boston, 1985).
  92. Health Care 2 (26), August 28-September 10, 1980.
  93. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 226 (3): 783-789 (1983).
  94. Psychopharmacology 88: 500-504 (1986).
  95. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22 (1): 53-56 (1984).
  96. European Journal of Pharmacology 40: 114-115 (1976).
  97. Newsweek, December 26, 1988, p. 50; "TSU Shuts Down Cornell Cat Lab", The Animals' Agenda 9 (3): 22-25 (March 1989).
  98. S. Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper and Row, 1974). Кстати, эти эксперименты подверглись широкой критике из этических соображений, потому что в них участвовали люди, не давшие на то согласия. Действительно неясно, следовало ли Милграму обманывать подопытных в ходе эксперимента; но если мы сравним происходившее с людьми с тем, что обычно происходит с животными, то сможем понять, насколько большее беспокойство вызывают эксперименты на представителях нашего вида.
  99. Monitor, публикация Американской психологической ассоциации (American Psychological Associ­ation), March 1978.
  100. Donald J. Barnes, "A Matter of Change", in Peter Singer, ed., In Defense of Animals, pp. 160, 166.
  101. The Death Sciences in Veterinary Research and Education, (New York: United Action for Animals), p. iii.
  102. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 163 (9): 1 (November 1, 1973).
  103. Адрес – в приложении 3 (в русском переводе этого нет)
  104. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55: 896 (1962).
  105. Scope (Durban, South Africa), March 30, 1973.
  106. Robert J. White, "Antivivisection: The Reluctant Hydra", The American Scholar 40 (1971); reprinted in T. Regan and P. Singer, eds., Animal Rights and Human Obligations, first edition, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976), p. 169.
  107. The Plain Dealer, July 3, 1988.
  108. Birmingham News, Birmingham, Alabama, February 12, 1988.
  109. "The Price of Knowledge", broadcast in New York, December 12, 1974, WNET/13, transcript supplied courtesy of WNET/13 and Henry Spira.
  110. Цитируется в докладе OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Education, p. 277.
  111. National Health and Medical Research Council, Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes (Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1985). недавно был принят исправленный кодекс; см. "Australian Code of Practice", Nature 339: 412 (June 8, 1989).
  112. OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Education, p. 377.
  113. Pat Monaghan, "The Use of Animals in Medical Research", New Scientist, November 19, 1988, p. 54.
  114. Краткое изложение поправок 1985 года, а также законы и правила того времени можно найти в OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Re­search, Testing and Education, pp. 280-286.
  115. OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education, pp. 286-287.
  116. OTA, Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education, pp.287, 298.
  117. National Research Council, Use of Laboratory Animals in Bio­medical and Behavioral Research (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988). Особенно см. the "Individual Statement" by C. Stevens.
  118. The Washington Post, July 19, 1985, p. A10. Более подробно история Дженнарелли рассказывается в следующей книге: Lori Gruen and Peter Singer, Animal Liberation: A Graphic Guide (London: Camden Press, 1987), pp. 10-23.
  119. "Group Charges Gillette Abuses Lab Animals", Chemical and Engineering News, October 6, 1986, p. 5.
  120. H. Beecher, "Ethics and Clinical Research", New England Journal of Medicine 274: 1354-1360 (1966); D. Rothman, "Ethics and Human Experimentation: Henry Beecher Revisited", New England Journal of Medicine 317:1195-1199 (1987).
  121. Из стенограммы "Doctors Trial", Case I, United States vs. Brandt et al. Цитируется В. Л. Ширером (W. L. Shirer), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), p. 985. Дополнительное описание этих экспериментов см. в R. J. Lifton, The Nazi Doctors (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
  122. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 61: 39 (1980); цитируется Р. Райдером, "Speciesism in the Laboratory", in Peter Singer, ed., In Defense of Animals, p. 85.
  123. I. B. Singer, Enemies: A Love Story (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972).
  124. See James Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (New York: Free Press, 1981).
  125. Sandra Coney, The Unfortunate Experiment (Auckland: Penguin Books, 1988).
  126. E. Wynder and D. Hoffman, in Advances in Cancer Research 8 (1964); также см. the Royal College of Physicians report, Smoking and Health (London, 1962) и исследования, проведенные Департаментом здравоохранения США. Эти ссылки я взял из Richard Ryder, "Experiments on Animals", in Stanley and Roslind Godlovitch and John Harris, eds., Animals, Men and Morals, p. 78.
  127. "U.S. Lung Cancer Epidemic Abating, Death Rates Show", The Washington Post, October 18, 1989, p. 1.
  128. "The Cancer Watch", U.S. News & World Report, February 15, 1988.
  129. Science 241: 79 (1988).
  130. "Colombians Develop Effective Malaria Vaccine", The Washington Post, March 10, 1988.
  131. "Vaccine Produces AIDS Antibodies", Washington Times, April 19, 1988.
  132. "AIDS Policy in the Making", Science 239: 1087 (1988).
  133. T. McKeown, The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis? (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979).
  134. D. St. George, "Life Expectancy, Truth, and the ABPI", The Lancet, August 9, 1986, p. 346.
  135. J. B. McKinlay, S. M. McKinlay and R. Beaglehole, "Trends in Death and Disease and the Contribution of Medical Measures" in H. E. Freeman and S. Levine, eds., Handbook of Medical Sociol­ogy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1988), p. 16.
  136. См. William Paton, Man and Mouse (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984); Andrew Rowan, Of Mice, Models and Men: A Critical Evaluation of Animal Research (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984), chapter 12; Michael DeBakey, "Medical Advances Resulting From Animal Research", in J. Archibald, J. Ditchfield, and H. Rowsell, eds., The Contribution of Laboratory Animal Science to the Welfare of Man and Animals: Past, Present and Future (New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1985); OTA, Alterna­tives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and Education, chapter 5; and National Research Council, Use of Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1988), Chapter 3.
  137. Возможно, одна из лучших работ, в которой опровергаются аргументы в пользу опытов на животных, это книга Роберта Шарпа «Жестокий обман» (Robert Sharpe, The Cruel Deception).
  138. "The Costs of AIDS", New Scientist, March 17, 1988, p. 22.

Глава 3

  1. The WashingtonPost, October 3, 1971; см. также свидетельство в сентябре-октябре 1971 года перед Подкомиссией по монополиям (Subcommittee on Monopoly) при Избранной Комиссии по малому бизнесу, принадлежащей Сенату США (Select Committee on Small Business of the U.S. Senate) в ходе Слушаний о роли гигантских корпораций (Hearings on the Role of Giant Corporations). Особое внимание следует обратить на выступление Джима Хайтауэра (Jim Hightower), Проект отчетности агробизнеса (Agribusiness Accountability Project). О масштабах производителей яиц можно прочитать в Poultry Tribune,June 1987, p. 27.
  2. Ruth Harrison, Animal Machines (London: Vincent Stuart, 1964), p. 3.
  3. Broiler Industry, December 1987, p. 22.
  4. Konrad Lorenz, King Solomon's Ring (London: Methuen and Company, 1964), p. 147.
  5. Farming Express, February 1, 1962; цитируется в книге Ruth Harrison, Animal Machines, p. 18.
  6. F. D. Thornberry, W. O. Crawley, and W. F. Krueger, "Debeaking: Laying Stock to Control Cannibalism", Poultry Digest, May 1975, p. 205.
  7. Как сообщается в The Animal Welfare Institute Quarterly, Fall 1987, p. 18.
  8. Report of the Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept Under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems, Com­mand Paper 2836 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1965), paragraph 97.
  9. A. Andrade and J. Carson, "The Effect of Age and Methods of Debeaking on Future Performance of White Leghorn Pullets", Poultry Science 54: 666-674 (1975); M. Gentle, B. Huges, and R. Hubrecht, "The Effect of Beak Trimming on Food Intake, Feeding Behavior and Body Weight in Adult Hens", Applied Animal Ethology 8: 147-159 (1982); M. Gentle, "Beak Trimming in Poultry", World's Poultry Science Journal 42: 268-275 (1986).
  10. J. Breward and M. Gentle, "Neuroma Formation and Abnormal Afferent Nerve Discharges After Partial Beak Amputation (Beak Trimming) in Poultry", Experienta 41:1132-1134 (1985).
  11. Gentle, "Beak Trimming in Poultry", World's Poultry Science Journal 42: 268-275 (1986).
  12. U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook for 1970, p. xxxiii.
  13. Poultry World, December 5, 1985.
  14. American Agriculturist, March 1967.
  15. C. Riddell and R. Springer, "An Epizootiological Study of Acute Death Syndrome and Leg Weakness in Broiler Chickens in Western Canada", Avian Diseases 29: 90-102 (1986); P. Steele and J. Edgar, "Importance of Acute Death Syndrome in Mortalities in Broiler Chicken Flocks", Poultry Science 61: 63-66 (1982).
  16. R. Newberry, J. Hunt, and E. Gardiner, "Light Intensity Effects on Performance, Activity, Leg Disorders, and Sudden Death Syndrome of Roaster Chickens, Poultry Science 66: 1446-1450 (1987).
  17. Trevor Bray, как сообщается в Poultry World, June 14, 1984.
  18. См. исследования Riddell and Springer, а также Steele and Edgar, см. ссылку 15 выше.
  19. D. Wise and A. Jennings, "Dyschondroplasia in Domestic Poultry", Veterinary Record 91: 285-286 (1972).
  20. G. Carpenter et al., "Effect of Internal Air Filtration on the Performance of Broilers and the Aerial Concentrations of Dust and Bacteria", British Poultry Journal 27: 471-480 (1986).
  21. "Air in Your Shed a Risk to Your Health", Poultry Digest, De­cember/January 1988.
  22. The Washington Times, October 22, 1987.
  23. Broiler Industry, December 1987, and Hippocrates, Septem­ber/October 1988. В письме мне Пердю (Perdue) подтвердил, что его цыплятам обрезают клювы. Также см. социальную рекламу организации Animal Rights International «Фрэнк, говорите ли вы правду о цыплятах?» ("Frank, are you telling the truth about your chickens?") The New York Times, October 20, 1989, p. A17.
  24. F. Proudfoot, H. Hulan, and D. Ramey, "The Effect of Four Stocking Densities on Broiler Carcass Grade, the Incidence of Breast Blisters, and Other Performance Traits", Poultry Science 58: 791-793 (1979).
  25. Turkey World, November/December 1986.
  26. Poultry Tribune, January 1974.
  27. Farmer and Stockbreeder, January 30, 1982; цитируется в книге «Животные машины», Руфь Харрисон (Ruth Harrison, Animal Machines, p. 50.)
  28. Feedstuffs, July 25, 1983.
  29. American Agriculturist, July 1966.
  30. Статистика Департамента сельского хозяйства США свидетельствует о том, что в 1986 году численность несушек составляла 246 миллионов. С учетом того, что при вылуплении приблизительное соотношение особей мужского и женского пола составляет 50 процентов, и что птиц заменяют примерно через 18 месяцев, вышеприведенная цифра – минимальная.
  31. American Agriculturist, March 1967.
  32. Upstate, August 5, 1973, report by Mary Rita Kiereck.
  33. National Geographic Magazine, February 1970.
  34. Poultry Tribune, February 1974.
  35. Federal Register, December 24, 1971, p. 24926.
  36. Poultry Tribune, November 1986.
  37. First report from the Agriculture Committee, House of Commons, 1980-1981, Animal Welfare in Poultry, Pig and Veal Production (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1981), paragraph 150.
  38. B. M. Freeman, "Floor Space Allowance for the Caged Domestic Fowl", The Veterinary Record, June 11,1983, pp. 562-563.
  39. Poultry Tribune, March 1987, p. 30; "Swiss Federal Regulations on Animal Protection", May 29, 1981.
  40. Данные по Нидерландам предоставлены организацией «Сострадание в мировом животноводстве» (Compassion in World Farming) и посольством Нидерландов в Лондоне. (См. также Farmer's Guardian, September 29, 1989.) Данные по Швеции можно получить в следующем источнике: Steve Lohr, "Swedish Farm Animals Get a New Bill of Rights", The New York Times, October 25, 1988.
  41. Poultry Tribune, March 1987.
  42. European Parliament, Session 1986/7, Minutes of Proceed­ings of the Sitting of 20 February 1987, Document A2-211/86.
  43. Poultry Tribune, November 1986.
  44. Upstate, August 5, 1973.
  45. Animal Liberation (Victoria) Newsletter, May 1988 and February 1989.
  46. Roy Bedichek, Adventures with a Naturalist, quoted by Ruth Harrison, Animal Machines, p. 154.
  47. Upstate, August 5, 1973.
  48. Der Spiegel, 1980, no. 47, p. 264; quoted in Intensive Egg and Chicken Production, Chickens' Lib (Huddersfield, U.K.)
  49. I. Duncan and V. Kite, "Some Investigations into Motivation in the Domestic Fowl", Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18: 387-388 (1987).
  50. New Scientist, January 30, 1986, p. 33, reporting a study by H. Huber, D. Folsch, and U. Stahli, published in British Poultry Science 26: 367 (1985).
  51. A. Black and B. Hughes, "Patterns of Comfort Behaviour and Activity in Domestic Fowls: A Comparison Between Cages and Pens", British Veterinary Journal 130: 23-33 (1974).
  52. D. van Liere and S. Bokma, "Shortterm Feather Maintenance as a Function of Dustbathing in Laying Hens", Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18:197-204 (1987).
  53. H. Simonsen, K. Vestergaard, and P. Willeberg, "Effect of Floor Type and Density on the Integument of Egg Layers", Poultry Science 59: 2202-2206 (1980).
  54. K. Vestergaard, "Dustbathing in the Domestic Fowl—Diurnal Rhythm and Dust Deprivation", Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 380 (1987).
  55. H. Simonsen, K. Vestergaard, and P. Willeberg, "Effect of Floor Type and Density on the Integument of Egg Layers."
  56. J. Bareham, "A Comparison of the Behaviour and Production of Laying Hens in Experimental and Conventional Battery Cages", Applied Animal Ethology 2: 291-303 (1976).
  57. J. Craig, T. Craig, and A. Dayton, "Fearful Behavior by Caged Hens of Two Genetic Stocks", Applied Animal Ethology 10: 263-273 (1983).
  58. M. Dawkins, "Do Hens Suffer in Battery Cages? Environmen­tal Preferences and Welfare", Applied Animal Behaviour 25: 1034-1046 (1977). Также см. M. Dawkins, Animal Suffering: The Sci­ence of Animal Welfare (London: Chapman and Hall, 1980), chapter 7.
  59. Plain Truth (Pasadena, California), March 1973.
  60. C. E. Ostrander and R. J. Young, "Effects of Density on Caged Layers", New York Food and Life Sciences 3 (3) (1970).
  61. U.K. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Poultry Technical Information Booklet No. 13; quoted from Intensive Egg and Chicken Production, Chickens' Lib (Huddersfield, U.K.).
  62. Poultry Tribune, March 1974.
  63. Ian Duncan, "Can the Psychologist Measure Stress?" New Scientist, October 18, 1973.
  64. R. Dunbar, "Farming Fit for Animals", New Scientist, March 29, 1984, pp. 12-15; D. Wood-Gush, "The Attainment of Humane Housing for Farm Livestock", in M. Fox and L. Mickley, eds., Ad­vances in Animal Welfare Science (Washington, D.C.: Humane Society of the United States, 1985).
  65. Farmer's Weekly, November 7, 1961, quoted by Ruth Harrison, Animal Machines, p. 97.
  66. R. Dantzer and P. Mormede, "Stress in Farm Animals: A Need for Reevaluation", Journal of Animal Science 57: 6-18 (1983).
  67. D. Wood-Gush and R. Beilharz, "The Enrichment of a Bare Environment for Animals in Confined Conditions", Applied Animal Ethology 20: 209-217 (1983).
  68. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fact Sheet: Swine Manage­ment, AFS-3-8-12, Department of Agriculture, Office of Govern­mental and Public Affairs, Washington, D.C.
  69. F. Butler, quoted in John Robbins, Diet for a New America (Walpole, N.H.: Stillpoint, 1987). p. 90.
  70. D. Fraser, "The Role of Behaviour in Swine Production: a Review of Research", Applied Animal Ethology 11: 332 (1984).
  71. D. Fraser, "Attraction to Blood as a Factor in Tail Biting by Pigs", Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 61-68 (1987).
  72. Farm Journal, May 1974.
  73. Обобщение подобных исследований сделано Майклом В.Фоксом (Michael W. Fox), в книге Farm Animals: Husbandry, Behavior, Veterinary Practice (University Park Press, 1984), p. 126.
  74. Farmer and Stockbreeder January 22, 1963; цитируется в книге Ruth Harrison, Animal Machines, p. 95.
  75. "Swine Production Management", Hubbard Milling Company, Mankato, Minnesota, 1984.
  76. William Robbins, "Down on the Superfarm: Bigger Share of Profits", The New York Times, August 4,1987.
  77. Feedstuffs, January 6, 1986, p. 6.
  78. Hog Farm Management, December 1975, p. 16.
  79. Bob Frase, цитируется в Orville Schell, Modern Meat (New York: Random House, 1984), p. 62.
  80. Farmer and Stockbreeder, July 11, 1961; цитируется в Ruth Harri­son, Animal Machines, p. 148.
  81. J. Messersmith, цитируется в J. Robbins, Diet for a New America p. 84.
  82. Agscene (Petersfield, Hampshire, England), June 1987, p. 9.
  83. Farm Journal, March 1973.
  84. "Mechanical Sow Keeps Hungry Piglets Happy", The Western Producer, April 11, 1985.
  85. National Hog Farmer, March 1978, p. 27.
  86. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fact Sheet: Swine Management, AFS-3-8-12, Department of Agriculture, Office of Governmental and Public Affairs, Washington, D.C.
  87. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fact Sheet: Swine Housing, AFS-3-8-9, Department of Agriculture, Office of Governmental and Public Affairs, Washington, D.C.
  88. G. Cronin, "The Development and Significance of Abnormal Stereotyped Behaviour in Tethered Sows", Ph.D. thesis, Univer­sity of Wageningen, Netherlands, p. 25.
  89. Roger Ewbank, "The Trouble with Being a Farm Animal", New Scientist, October 18, 1973.
  90. "Does Close Confinement Cause Distress in Sows?" Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit, Aberdeen, July 1986, p. 6.
  91. Farm Animal Welfare Council, Assessment of Pig Production Systems (Farm Animal Welfare Council, Surbiton, Surrey, Eng­land, 1988), p. 6.
  92. A. Lawrence, M. Appleby, and H. MacLeod, "Measuring Hunger in the Pig Using Operant Conditioning: The Effect of Food Restriction", Animal Production 47 (1988).
  93. The Stall Street Journal, July 1972.
  94. J. Webster, C. Saville, and D. Welchman, "Improved Hus­bandry Systems for Veal Calves", Animal Health Trust and Farm Animal Care Trust, no date, p. 5; также см. Webster et al., "The Ef­fect of Different Rearing Systems on the Development of Calf Be­havior", and "Some Effects of Different Rearing Systems on Health, Cleanliness and Injury in Calves", British Veterinary Jour­nal 1141: 249 and 472 (1985).
  95. J. Webster, C. Saville, and D. Welchman, "Improved Husbandry Systems for Veal Calves", p. 6.
  96. J. Webster, C. Saville, and D. Welchman, "Improved Husbandry Systems for Veal Calves", p. 2.
  97. The Stall Street Journal, November 1973.
  98. The Stall Street Journal, April 1973.
  99. The Stall Street Journal, November 1973.
  100. Farmer and Stockbreeder, September 13, 1960, цитируется в Ruth Harrison, Animal Machines, p. 70.
  101. The Stall Street Journal, April 1973.
  102. G. van Putten, "Some General Remarks Concerning Farm Animal Welfare in Intensive Farming Systems", unpublished paper from the Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, "Schoonoord", Driebergseweg, Zeist, The Netherlands, p. 2.
  103. G. van Putten, "Some General Remarks Concerning Farm Animal Welfare in Intensive Farming Systems", p. 3.
  104. The Vealer, March/April 1982.
  105. U.K. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Welfare of Calves Regulations, 1987 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Of­fice, 1987).
  106. J. Webster, "Health and Welfare of Animals in Modern Husbandry Systems—Dairy Cattle", In Practice, May 1986, p. 85.
  107. Gordon Harvey, "Poor Cow", New Scientist, September 29, 1983, pp. 940-943.
  108. The Washington Post, March 28, 1988.
  109. D. S. Kronfeld, "Biologic and Economic Risks Associated with Bovine Growth Hormone", Conference on Growth Hor­mones, European Parliament, December 9, 1987, unpublished paper, p. 4.
  110. D. S. Kronfeld, "Biologic and Economic Risks Associated with Bovine Growth Hormone", p. 5.
  111. Bob Holmes, "Secrecy Over Cow Hormone Experiments", Western Morning News, January 14, 1988.
  112. Keith Schneider, "Better Farm Animals Duplicated by Cloning", The New York Times, February 17, 1988; также см. Ian Wilmut, John Clark, and Paul Simons, "A Revolution in Animal Breeding", New Scientist, July 7, 1988.
  113. The Peoria Journal Star, June 5, 1988.
  114. "Is Pain the Price of Farm Efficiency?" New Scientist, October 13, 1973,p.l71.
  115. Feedstuffs, April 6, 1987.
  116. Farm Journal, August 1967, March 1968.
  117. S. Lukefahr, D. Caveny, P. R. Cheeke, and N. M. Patton, "Rearing Weanling Rabbits in Large Cages", The Rabbit Rancher, приводится в Australian Federation of Animal Societies, Submission to the Senate Select Committee of Inquiry into Animal Welfare in Australia, vol. 2, Melbourne, 1984.
  118. The Age (Melbourne), May 25, 1985.
  119. Такой размер клеток рекомендует Финская Ассоциация звероводов (Finnish Fur Breeders Association). Ассоциация звероводов Великобритании (U.K. Fur Breeders Association) рекомендует для норок клетки размером 30 на 9 дюймов. See Fur Trade Fact Sheet, Lynx (1986), Great Dunmow, Essex.
  120. Report of the Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept Under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems, ap­pendix.
  121. Report of the Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept Under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems, para­graph 37.
  122. См. стр. 120 выше.
  123. Joy Mensch and Ari van Tienhove, "Farm Animal Welfare", American Scientist, November/December 1986, p. 599, здесь цитируется следующий доклад: D. W. Folsch, "Egg Production—Not Necessarily a Reli­able Indicator for the State of Health of Injured Hens", in Fifth European Poultry Conference, Malta, 1976.
  124. B. Gee, The 1985 Muresk Lecture, Muresk Agricultural College, Western Australian Institute of Technology, p. 8.
  125. European Parliament, Session 1986/7, Minutes of proceedings of the sitting of February 20, 1987, Document A2-211/86.
  126. D. W. Folsch, et al, "Research on Alternatives to the Battery System for Laying Eggs", Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 29-45 (1988).
  127. Dehorning, Castrating, Branding, Vaccinating Cattle, Publication No. 384 of the Mississippi State University Extension Serv­ice, cooperating with the USDA; также см. Beef Cattle: Dehorning, Castrating, Branding and Marking, USDA, Farmers' Bulletin No. 2141, September 1972.
  128. Progressive Farmer, February 1969.
  129. Pig Farming, September 1973.
  130. Hotiron Branding, University of Georgia College of Agriculture, Circular 551.
  131. Beef Cattle: Dehorning, Castrating, Branding and Marking.
  132. R. F. Bristol, "Preconditioning of Feeder Cattle Prior to Interstate Shipment", Report of a Preconditioning Seminar held at Oklahoma State University, September 1967, p. 65.
  133. U.S. Department of Agriculture Statistical Summary, Federal Meat and Poultry Inspection for Fiscal Year 1986.
  134. The Washington Post, September 30, 1987.
  135. Colman McCarthy, "Those Who Eat Meat Share in the Guilt", The Washington Post, April 16, 1988.
  136. Farm Animal Welfare Council, Report on the Welfare of Livestock (Red Meat Animals) at the Time of Slaughter (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1984) paragraphs 88, 124.
  137. Harold Hillman, "Death by Electricity", The Observer (Lon­don) July 9, 1989.
  138. "Animals into Meat: A Report on the Pre-Slaughter Handling of Livestock", Argus Archives (New York) 2: 16-17 (March 1970); описание сделано Джоном Макфарланом (John MacFarlane), вице-президентом Livestock Conservation, Inc.
  139. Farm Animal Welfare Council, Report on the Welfare of Livestock When Slaughtered by Religious Methods (London: Her Maj­esty's Stationery Office, 1985), paragraph 50.
  140. Темпл Грандин (Temple Grandin), письмо, датированное 7 ноября 1988 года.
  141. Farm Animal Welfare Council, Report on the Welfare of Livestock When Slaughtered by Religious Methods, paragraph 27.
  142. Science 240: 718 (May 6, 1988).
  143. Caroline Murphy, "The 'New Genetics' and the Welfare of Animals", New Scientist, December 10, 1988, p. 20.
  144. "Genetic Juggling Raises Concerns", The Washington Times, March 30, 1988.
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