Примечания
Введение
1 Victor Alba: 'El Obrero Colectivizado', page 6.
2 Xavier Paniagua: La Sociedad Libertaria: Agrarismo e industrialización en el anarquismo Español 1930-1939, Grupo Editorial Grijalbo, Barcelona, 1982, page 63.
2a В Валенсии с ноября 1936 г. по октябрь 1937 г. находился Совет министров Испанской республики. – Примеч. пер.
4 Manuel Azaña: Speech by His Excellency the President of the Spanish Republic, Press Department of the Spanish Embassy in London, n.d. (1937), page 18.
5 Dolores Ibárruri, Manuel Azcárate, Luis Balaguer, Antonio Cordón, Irene Falcón y José Sandoval: Guerra y Revolución en España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, 1966, Volume II, page 14.
5a См.: Томас Х. Гражданская война в Испании. 1931–1939 гг. М.: Центрполиграф, 2003. 573 с. Из оригинальной литературы на русском языке подробный обзор деятельности анархистов во время Гражданской войны в Испании содержат: Дамье В. [В.] Забытый Интернационал: Международное анархо-синдикалистское движение между двумя мировыми войнами. М.: НЛО, 2006–2007. Т. 2. С. 313–413; Шубин А. В. Анархистский социальный эксперимент: Украина и Испания. 1917–1939 гг. М.: ИВИ РАН, 1998. С. 152–223. – Примеч. пер.
5b Перевод на русский Е. Д. Калашниковой.
6 Ibárruri et al., op. cit., pages 11-12.
7 Joint Letter of the Spanish Bishops to the Bishops of the Whole World: The War in Spain, The America Press, New York, 1937, page 9.
8 Ibid., page 11.
9 Ibid., page 12.
10 Edward Lodge Curran: Franco: Who Is He? What does he fight for?, International Catholic Truth Society, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1937, page 8.
11 Ibid., page 10.
12 Ibid., page 11.
13 Ronald Fraser: Blood of Spain: The Experience of Civil War, 1936-1939, Penguin Books Ltd, London, 1979, page 183.
14 Ibid., pages 186-7.
Глава 1
1 Emile Capouya and Keitha Tompkins (editors); The Essential Kropotkin, Liveright, New York, 1975, pages 110-11; Rudolf Rocker: Anarcosindicalismo: Teoría y Practica, Ediciones Picazo, Barcelona, 1978, page 16.
2 Capouya and Tompkins, op. cit., page 111.
3 Rocker, op. cit., page 17.
4 Rocker, op. cit., page 17 and Capouya and Tompkins, op cit., page 111.
5 Peter Kropotkin: Mutual Aid, Pelican Books, London, 1939, pages 148-9. [Кропоткин П. А. Взаимная помощь среди животных и людей как двигатель прогресса. Пг.: Голос труда, 1922. С. 178–179.]
6 G.P. Maximoff (editor and compiler): The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1953, page 273. [Бакунин М. А. Избранные сочинения. Пг. – М.: Голос труда, 1919–1921. Т. V. С. 192.]
7 Capouya and Tompkins, op. cit., page 67. [Кропоткин П. А. Хлеб и воля. Современная наука и анархия. М.: Правда, 1990. С. 292.]
8 Ibid., pages 112-13.
9 Rocker, op. cit., page 20.
10 Harry Laidler: Social-Economic Movements, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1945, page 66.
11 Maximoff, op. cit., page 279. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. III, 142.]
12 Carlos M. Rama: La Crisis Española del Siglo XX, Fundo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1960, page 70.
13 Ibid., page 71.
14 George Esenwein: 'Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain (1868-1900): With Special Reference to the Ideas of Ricardo Mella,' PhD Thesis at University of London, n.d., page 179.
15 Helmut Rüdiger: 'Barcelonasekreterarens Information Infor IAA: Kongress i Paris den 7 December 1937,' page 15.
16 Anselmo Lorenzo: El Proletariado Militante, Ediciones Verticc, Mexico, n.d., Volume II, page 322.
17 Cited by Rama, op. cit., page 71; also see Pi y Margall, defense of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism in the Spanish parliament, in Anselmo Lorenzo, op. cit., Volume I, pages 211-14.
18 Maximoff, op. cit., page 47.
19 See Esenwein, op. cit., for information on Bakunin’s correspondence with Spanish Anarchists.
20 Preface to Maximoff, op. cit., page 13.
21 See Max Nettlau's biographical sketch in Maximoff, op. cit., page 19-48.
22 See Anselmo Lorenzo, op. cit., Volume I, for these contacts.
23 Maximoff, op. cit., page 145. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. II, 270.]
24 Ibid., page 207. [Там же. IV, 258.]
25 Ibid., page 179. [Там же. II, 230.]
26 Ibid., page 208. [Там же. IV, 90.]
27 Ibid., page 211. [Там же. I, 83–84.]
28 Ibid., page 212. [Там же. II, 34.]
29 Anselmo Lorenzo, op. cit., Volume 1, page 87.
30 Eduardo Comín Colomer: Historia del Anarquismo Español 1836-1948, Editorial R.A.D.A.R.S.L., Madrid, n.d. (1949), page 222.
31 Maximoff, op. cit., pages 213-14. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. V, 20.]
32 Ibid., pages 215-16. [Там же. IV, 20.]
33 Ibid., page 218. [Там же. III, 22.]
34 Anselmo Lorenzo, op. cit., Volume I, page 102.
35 Ibid., Volume II, page 395. [Резолюция, цитируемая Александером, в действительности была принята на последнем конгрессе антиавторитарного крыла Первого Интернационала (МТР). См. также: Стеклов Ю. М. Интернационал (1864-1914 гг.). Пг.: Изд-во Петрогр. совета, 1918. Ч. 2. С. 70. – Примеч. пер.]
36 See John Brademas: Anarcosindicalismo y Revolución en España 1930-1937, Editorial Ariel, Barcelona, 1974, pages 47-57.
37 Ibid., pages 69-60.
38 Maximoff, op. cit., page 185.
39 Ibid., pages 75 and 358.
40 Ibid., pages 182-5 and 1196.
41 Ibid., page 184.
42 Ibid., pages 185 and 387.
43 Ibid., page 189-90.
44 Ibid., page 375. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. I, 114; III, 144; IV, 213.]
45 Ibid., page 307. [Там же. V, 32–33.]
46 Ibid., page 309. [Там же. V, 41.]
47 Ibid., pages 201-2. [Бакунин М. А. Всесветный революционный союз социальной демократии. Берлин: Изд-во Гуго Штейница, 1904. С. 65–67.]
48 Esenwein, op. cit., page 28.
49 Paul Avrich: Anarchist Portraits, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988, pages 12-13.
50 Esenwein, op. cit., pages 127-8.
51 Maximoff, op. cit., pages 305-8. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. V, 30–33.]
52 Comin Colomer, op. cit., page 222.
53 Anselmo Lorenzo, op. cit., Volume II, pages 424-5.
54 Palmiro Marba (Federico Fructidor): Origen, Desarrollo y Trascendencia del Movimiento Sindicalista Obrero, Ediciones Vértice, Mexico, n.d., pages 575-6.
55 Bradcmas, op. cit., page 67.
56 Maximoff, op. cit., page 316. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. IV, 13.]
57 Marba, op. cit., pages 589-90.
58 Maximoff, op. cit., page 57.
59 Anselmlo Lorenzo, op. cit., Volume II, page 247.
60 Marba, op. cit., page 518.
61 Juan Peiró: Pensamiento de Juan Peiró, Ediciones CNT, Mexico, 1959, page 68.
62 Ibid., page 75.
63 Ibid., page 69.
64 Maximoff, op. cit., pages 384-5. [Бакунин М. А. Всесветный революционный союз… С. 79–80, 86.]
65 Ibid., page 383.
66 Cited in Esenwein, op. cit., page 105.
67 Marba, op. cit., page 591.
68 Stanley G. Payne: The Spanish Revolution, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1970, page 34; see also Comin Colomer, op. cit., pages 145-6.
69 Maximoff, op. cit., page 410. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. V, 197–198, 201.]
70 Ibid., page 247. [Там же. III, 96–97.]
71 Ibid., page 343. [Бакунин М. А. Анархия и Порядок. М.: Эксмо-Пресс, 2000. С. 315.]
72 Anselmo Lorenzo, op. cit., Volume II, page 266.
73 Marba, op. cit., page 596.
74 Ibid., pages 607-8.
75 See Paul Brissenden: The IWW: A Study of American Syndicalism, Columbia University Press, New York, 1920.
76 Interview with Jose Peirats, Toulouse, August 1 1960.
77 Xavier Paniagua: La Sociedad Libertaria: Agrarismo e industrialización en el anarquismo Español 1930-1939, Grupo Editorial Grijalbo, Barcelona, 1982, pages 199-237.
78 Maximoff, op. cit., page 398. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. IV, 177.]
79 Ibid., page 399. [Там же. IV, 178.]
80 Ibid., page 403. [Там же. IV, 186–187.]
81 Ibid., page 407. [Там же. IV, 189.]
82 Fidel Miró: Anarquismo y Anarquistas, Editores Mexicanos Unidos, Mexico, 1979, page 28.
83 Herbert Read: Kropotkin: Selections from his Writings, Freedom Press, London, 1942, pages 12-14.
84 Ibid., page 14.
85 Ibid., page 15.
86 Kropotkin, op. cit., page 12. [Кропоткин П. А. Взаимная помощь… С. 1.]
87 Ibid., pages 13-14. [Там же. С. 3.]
88 Ibid., page 24. [Там же. С. 17.]
89 Ibid., page 16. [Там же. С. 7. Последнее предложение в русском тексте отсутствует.]
90 Ibid., page 6.
91 «The future revolutions in France and Spain will be communalist – not centralist». From 'Modern Science and Anarchism', quoted in Capouya and Tompkins, op. cit., page 87.
92 Ibid., page 70. [Кропоткин П. А. Хлеб и воля. Современная наука и анархия. С. 317–318.]
93 Quoted in Read, op. cit., page 102. [Кропоткин П. А. Поля, фабрики и мастерские. М.: Посредник, 1908. С. 162.]
94 Quoted in Read, op. cit., page 104. [Там же. С. 164.]
95 Ibid., page 106. [Там же. С. 165.]
96 Capouya and Tompkins, op. cit., pages 271-2.
97 From The Conquest of Bread, cited in Read, op. cit., page 92. [Кропоткин П. А. Хлеб и воля. Современная наука и анархия. С. 182.]
98 Ibid., page 93. [Там же. С. 183–184.]
99 Capouya and Tompkins, page 96. [Там же. С. 173]
100 Ibid., page 97. [Там же. С. 175.]
101 Ibid., page 98. [Там же. С. 176.]
102 Esenwein, op. cit., pages 113-14.
103 Interview with José Peirats, op. cit., August 1 1960; see also Esenwein, op. cit., pages 188-205, 216-18.
104 César M. Lorenzo: Les Anarchistes Espagnols et le Pouvoir 1863-1969, Editions Seuil, Paris, 1969, page 119 (Footnote No. 30).
105 Luigi Fabbri: Influencias Burguesas Sobre el Anarquismo, Fichas de Formación Libertaria, Barcelona, 1977, page 24.
Глава 2
1 Juan Gómez Casas: Anarchist Organization: The History of the F.A.I., Black Rose Book, Montreal and Buffalo, 1986, page 157.
2 Xavier Paniagua: La Sociedad Libertaria: Agrarismo e industrialización en el anarquismo Español 1930-1939, Grupo Editorial Grijalbo, Barcelona, 1982, pages 43, 93, 271.
3 Ibid., page 96.
4 Ibid., page 28, (Footnote No. 62).
5 George Esenwein: 'Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain (1868-1900)', PhD Thesis at University of London, n.d. page 250.
6 Ibid., page 261.
7 Ibid., pages 263-4.
8 Acción, Valencia, No. 5-6, December 1926, pages 25-9.
9 Reprinted in Revista de Trabajo, Madrid, No. 55, 4th Quarter 1976, pages 397-435.
10 Ibid., page 256.
11 Ibid., page 262.
12 Ibid., pages 263-4.
13 Ibid., page 269.
14 Ibid., pages 269-70.
15 Ibid., page 271.
16 Ibid., page 273.
17 Ibid., page 310.
18 Ibid., page 310.
19 Ibid., page 323.
20 Ibid., pages 316-17.
21 Ibid., page 321.
22 Ibid., page 322.
23 Ibid., pages 310-11.
24 Ibid., page 311.
25 Paniagua, op. cit., pages 199-204.
26 Revista de Trabajo, op. cit., pages 370-1.
27 Ibid., page 373.
28 Ibid., pages 376-7.
29 Ibid., pages 383-4.
30 Ibid., pages 385-6.
31 Ibid., pages 389-90.
32 Ibid., page 391; see Paniagua, op. cit., pages 213-37 for extensive discussion of Gaston Leval's ideas of the libertarian communist society.
33 Gomez Casas, op. cit., pages 162-3; see also Paniagua, op. cit., pages 250-64.
34 César M. Lorenzo: Les Anarchistes Espagnols et le Pouvoir 1863-1969, Editions Seuil, Paris, 1969, page 96.
34a Здесь и далее перевод на русский В. В. Дамье. См.: Концепция либертарного коммунизма. URL: http://aitrus.narod.ru/zaragosprogram.htm.
35 Максимов отмечает, что это положение, фактически вводящее запрет на организованную религию, идёт вразрез с рекомендациями Михаила Бакунина. Maximoff, op. cit., pages 395-6. [Бакунин М. А. Избр. соч. IV, 174–176.]
36 The Zaragoza document is to be found in Josée Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Español, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1953, Volume I, pages 125-34; and El Congreso Confederal de Zaragoza, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1955, pages 188-202.
37 César Lorenzo, op. cit., page 92.
38 Fidel Miró: Anarquismo y Anarquistas, Editores Mexicanos Unidos, Mexico, 1979, page 97.
39 Ibid., page 98.
40 Juan Peiró: Pensamiento de Juan Peiró, Ediciones CNT, Mexico, 1959, page 30.
41 Ibid., pages 56-7.
42 Ibid., page 67.
43 Eduardo Comín Colomer: Historia del Anarquismo Español 1936-1949, Editorial R.A.D.A.R.S.L., Madrid, n.d. (1949), page 373.
Глава 3
1 Eduardo Comín Colomer: Historia del Anarquismo Español 1836-1948, Editorial R.A.D.A.R.S.L., Madrid, n.d. (1949), pages 13-15; César M. Lorenzo: Les Anarchistes Españols et le PLouvoir 1863-1969, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1969, page 15.
2 Ibid., pages 24-5; see also Anselmo Lorenzo: El Proletariado Militante, Ediciones Vertice, Mexico, n.d.
3 Comin Colomer, op. cit., pages 46-57.
4 Ibid., page 70; see Gaston Leval: Ne Franco, Ne Stalin; La Colíettivita Anarchiche Spagnole nella Lotta Con tro Franco e la Reazione Statiniana, Instituto Editor iale Italiano, Milan, n.d., for statement of principles adopted at January 1872 Conference. The most extensive account of the early Spanish anarchist movement is to be found in Anselmo Lorenzo, op. cit.
5 Leval, op. cit., page 45.
6 César M. Lorenzo: Les Anarchistes espagnols et le pouvoir 1863-1969, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1969, page 28.
7 Ibid., pages 21-7.
8 Ibid., page 32; Comin Colomer, op. cit., page 87; José Peirats: Los Anarquistas en la crisis política española, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1976, pages 7-8.
9 César Lorenzo, op. cit., pages 30-2.
10 Comin Colomer, pages 78-9.
11 Ibid., page 81.
12 César Lorenzo, op. cit., pages 30-5; see also George Esenwein: 'Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain (1868-1900): With Special Reference to the Ideas of Ricardo Mella,' PhD Thesis at Universiry of London, n.d., pages 176209.
13 Juan Gómez Casas: Anarchist Organization: The History of the F.A.I. Black Rose Books, Montreal and Buffalo, 1986, page 44; see also Comin Colomer, op. cil., pages 87-8 and Esenwein, op. cit., page 216.
14 César Lorenzo, op. cit., page 43.
15 Comin Colomer, op. cit., pages 127-41.
16 Adolfo Bueso: 'La Fundación de la Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (C.N.T.): 1er Congreso Celebrado los dias 30 y 31 de Octubre y lo de Noviembre de 1910, en el Palacio de Bellas Artes de Barcelona' (mimeographed), pages 5 and 1720.
17 Ibid., pages 62-5.
18 Ibid., page 52.
19 Ibid., pages 20-4.
20 Ibid., page 56.
21 Ibid., page 25.
22 Ibid., pages 32 and 35-6.
23 Ibid., pages 54-5.
24 Ibid., pages 28-9.
25 Robert W. Kern: Red Years/Black Years: A Political History of Spanish Anarchism 1911-1937, Institute for the Study of Human Issues, Philadelphia, 1978, page 31.
26 Ibid., page 114.
27 José Peirats, op. cit., page 90.
28 Ibid., pages 98-9.
29 Ibid., page 30.
30 Cited in Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 60.
31 José Peirats, op. cit., page 51; see also José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1955, Volume I, page 35 and Gerald Brenan: The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982, page 184.
32 Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 87.
33 Sec José Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume I, pages 55-8 for the Proclamation of Los Treinta.
34 Exposition of CNT and Oppositionist explanations of this split can be found in Congresos anarcosindicalistas en España 1870-1936, Ediciones C.N.T., Toulouse, 1977.
35 Frank Mintz: L'Autogestión dans l'Espagne revolutionnaire, Belibastc, Paris, 1970, page 40.
36 See Ricardo Sanz: Los Que Fuimos la Madrid: Columna Durruti 26 División, Imprimcric Dulauricr, Toulouse, 1969, pages 44-5.
37 More detailed information on history of the CNT can be found in Comín Colomer, op. cit., Kern, op. cit., and Peirats; La C.N.T., etc., op. cit., Volume I as well as in Abel Paz: Durruti: El Proletariado en Armas, Editorial Brugucra S.A., Barcelona, 1978 and Juan Garcia Oliver: El Eco de los Pasos: El Anarcosindicalismo en la calle, en el Comité de Milicias, en el gobierno, en el exilio, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris and Barcelona, 1978.
38 César Lorenzo, op. cit., page 84, footnote No. 54.
39 Kern, op. cit., pages 100-01 and José Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume I, pages 48-52.
40 Kern, op. cit., page 102.
41 Anselmo Lorenzo, op. cit., Volume II, page 425.
42 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas en la crisis política española, op. cit., page 69.
43 Robert J. Alexander: 'Observations on Congress of "Hard" Spanish CNT in Exile,' Limoges France, August 13-14, 1960; further information on how a CNT congress was conducted can be gotten from El Congreso de Zaragoza, Ediciones C.N.T., Toulouse, 1955.
44 Esenwein, op. cit., pages 233-4.
45 See García Oliver, op. cit., pages 123-36; Abel Paz, op. cit., pages 22-96; and César Lorenzo, op. cit., page 39.
46 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas en la crisis política española, op. cit., page 72.
47 Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 131.
48 Ibid., page 137.
49 Juan Peiró: Pensamiento de Juan Peiró, Ediciones CNT, Mexico, 1959, page 145.
50 Ibid., pages 147-8.
51 Gómez Casas op. cit., pages 56 and 62.
52 Ibid., page 66.
53 Ibid., pages 77, 94-7.
54 Kern, op. cit., page 81.
55 Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 108. This author deals extensively with the founding conference of the FAI, pages 107-15. José Peirats, in an appendix to his book Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., presents excerpts from minutes of the founding conference of the FAI, pages 368-73.
56 Gómez Casas, op. cit., pages 138-45 and 163-79.
57 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., page 98.
58 Brenan, op. cit., page 184.
59 José Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume II, page 315.
60 Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 178.
61 Ibid., page 118.
62 Ibid., pages 152-3.
63 Ibid., page 186.
64 Jose Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., page 258.
65 Ibid., pages 25-9, and Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 197.
66 Tierra y Libertad, Barcelona, July 17 1937.
67 Jose Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume II, page 320.
68 Ibid., page 319.
69 Ibid., page 302.
70 Tierra y Libertad, July 17 1937; and Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume II, page 321.
71 Cesar Lorenzo, op. cit., page 68.
72 Tierra y Libertad, July 17 1937; Peirats, La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume II, pages 321-7; see Kern, op. cit., pages 251-8 and Gómez Casas, op. cit., pages 218-23 for statutes of reorganized FAI.
73 Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 225.
74 José Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume II, pages 328-32.
75 Dolores Ibarruri, Manuel Azcarate, Luis Balagucr, Antonio Cordón, Irene Falcon and José Sandoval: Guerra y Revolución en España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, 1966, Volume I, page 264.
76 Ibid., page 265.
77 José Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume III, page 69.
78 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., page 281.
79 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., page 477.
80 Interview with Fidel Miró, in Mexico City, August 22 1963.
81 José Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume II, page 121.
82 Jose Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., pages 281-2.
83 Ibid., page 283.
84 Boletín de Informacón C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 277, June 7 1937, page 4.
85 Interview with Fidel Miró, in Mexico City, August 22 1963.
86 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., pages 259-65.
87 Interviews with Fidel Miró, in Mexico City, August 22 1963, and Barcelona, July 12 1984; Adolfo Bueso: Recuerdos de un Genetista, Editorial Ariel, 1978, Volume II, page 302, confirms this action of the Libertarian Youth; he was a member of POUM.
88 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 327, August 4 1937, page 2.
89 Interview with Fidel Miró, in Mexico City, August 25 1963.
90 José Peirats: La C.N.T. etcop. cit., Volume 111, page 69.
91 Interviews with Fidel Miró in Barcelona, July 12 1984 and A. Roa, London, September 13 1960.
92 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., pages 284-5.
93 Victor Alba: EI Marxisme a Catalunya 1919-1939, Volume II: Historia del P.O.U.M., Editorial Portic, Barcelona, 1974, page 180.
94 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., page 285.
95 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., pages 489-90.
96 Interview with Fidel Miró, in Barcelona, July 12 1984.
97 Interview with A. Roa, in London, September 13 1960.
98 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., pages 501-2.
99 Mary Nash: Mujer y Movimiento Obrero en España, 1931-1939, Editorial Fontamara, Barcelona, 1981, pages 85-6.
100 Ibid., page 87.
101 Lola Iturbe: La Mujer en la Lucha Social y en la Guerra Civil de España, Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A., Mexico, 1974, page 135.
102 Nash, op. cit., pages 89-91 for the statutes of Mujeres Libres.
103 Iturbe, op. cit., pages 135-6.
104 Ibid., pages 132-3.
105 Nash, op. cit., page 101.
106 Interview with Antonia Fontanillas, in Barcelona, July 17 1984.
107 Nash, op. cit., pages 103-4.
108 José Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume III, page 316.
109 Nash, op. cit., pages 102-3.
110 Ibid., pages 248-9.
111 Ibid., pages 252-3.
112 CNT, Toulouse, November 24 1957, page 3.
113 Esenwein, op. cit., pages 220-1.
114 Ibid., pages 228-9.
115 Ibid., pages 229-30.
116 José Peirats: La C.N.T. etc., op. cit., Volume I, page 22.
117 Kern, op. cit., page 49.
118 Francesc Bonamusa: Andreu Nin y el movimiento comunista en España (1930–1937), Editorial Anagrama, Barcelona, 1977, pages 13-14; and José Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., page 33.
119 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., page 33.
120 Ibid., page 35; and García Oliver, op. cit., page 68.
Глава 4
1 José Bullejos: España en la Segunda República, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1979, pages 39-40.
2 Ibid., page 42.
3 Frank Jellinck: The Civil War in Spain, Howard Fertig, New York, 1969, page 186.
4 David T. Cattell: Communism and the Spanish Civil War, Russell & Russell, New York, 1965, page 11. See also Gabriel Jackson: The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, page 120.
5 Bullejos, op. cit., page 95.
6 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas en la crisis política Española, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1976, page 67.
7 See Jerome R. Mintz: The Anarchists of Casas Viejas, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1982, has the story of the Casas Viejas incident and its political impact.
8 Bullejos, op. cit., page 101.
9 Gabriel Jackson: The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, page 132.
10 Dolores Ibarruri, Manuel Azcaratc, Luis Balaguer, Antonio Cordon, Irene Falcon and José Sandoval: Guerra y Revolución en España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso Moscú, 1966, Volume I, page 36.
11 Bullejos, op. cit., page 105.
12 Adolfo Bueso: Recuerdos de un Genetista, Editorial Ariel, Barcelona, 1978, Volume II, pages 101-2.
13 Ibarruri et al., op. cit., page 63; an anarchist account of the October 1934 revolt in Asturias is Manuel Villar: El Anarquismo en la Insurrección de Asturias, Ediciones Nervio, Buenos Aires, 1936.
14 Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, page 4.
15 Bullejos, op. cit., page 103.
16 Bolloten, op. cit., page 4.
17 A very good presentation of this second phase of the Republic is to be found in Richard A.H. Robinson: The Origins of Franco Spain: The Right, the Republic and the Revolution, 1931–1936, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1970.
18 Juan Gómez Casas: Anarchist Organization: The History of the F.A.I., Black Rose Books, Montreal and Buffalo, 1986, page 179.
19 Víctor Alba: Historia de la Segunda República Española, Libro Mex Editores, Mexico, 1960, pages 176-7.
20 Jellinek, op. cit., Chapter 11 of Part III, has a very descriptive account of the pre-revolutionary atmosphere of this period.
21 Peirats, op. cit., page 205.
22 Bolloten, op. cit., page 29; see also David T. Cattell: Communism and the Spanish Civil War, Russell & Russell, New York, 1965, pages 33 and 220 (footnote No. 5), and Jackson, page 311.
23 Luis Araquistáin: Sobre la Guerra Civil y en la Emigración, Espasa-Calpe S.A., Madrid, 1983, page 211.
24 Ibarruri et al., op. cit., Volume 1, page 87.
25 Cattell, op. cit., page 33.
26 Araquistáin, op. cit., pages 213-14.
27 Palmiro Togliatti: Escritos sobre la Guerra de España, Editorial Critica, Barcelona, 1980, page 149.
28 Ibid., page 241.
29 Cartell, op. cit., page 184.
30 Bolloten, op. cit., page 32-3 has a particularly good picture of the Split in the Socialist Party.
31 Jackson, op. cit., page 221.
32 For the best discussion of these developments, see Robinson, op. cit.
33 Stanley G. Payne: The Spanish Revolution, W.W. Norton &: Co., New York, 1970, page 208.
34 Ronald Fraser: Blood of Spain: The Experience of Civil War, 1936-1939, Penguin Books Ltd., London, 1979, page 99.
35 Edward E. Malefakis: Agrarian Reform and Peasant Revolution in Spain: Origins of the Civil War, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1970, page 377.
36 Ibid., page 371.
37 Bolloten, ibid., pages 7-8; see also Payne, op. cit., pages 2068.
38 See Cipriano Mera: Guerra, Exilio y Cárcel de un Anarcosindicalista, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris, 1976.
39 Bullcjos, op. cit., page 116.
40 Ibarruri et al., Volume I, page 69.
41 Ibid., Volume I, pages 81-2; see also Jackson, op. cit., page 195.
42 Ibarruri et al., op. cit., Volume I, page 90.
43 Bullejos, op. cit., page 122; see also Ibarruri et al., op. cit., Volume I, page 89.
44 Interview with Gabriel Franco, in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, September 12 1955.
45 Ibrarruri et al., op. cit., Volume I, page 33.
46 Ibid., page 65.
47 Bueso, op. cit., page 129.
48 Salvador de Madariaga: Spain: A Modern History, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1958, page 487.
49 Jose Costa Font and Ramón Martinez González: 'La Autogestión Practicada por la C.N.T.; Una Experiencia en la Industrial Textile (1936-1939)', pages 16-17.
50 Payne, op. cit., page 316; see also Jackson, op. cit., for a general discussion of the military uprising, pages 223-30.
51 Pierre Broué and Emile Temime: The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, USA, 1970, pages 98-102.
52 Payne, op. cit., pages 219-20.
53 F. Crespo, 'Evocando hechos y exaltaltando una epopeya', Espoir, Toulouse, July 22, 1962, page 7.
54 Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 184.
55 Ibid., page 184.
56 Jellinek, op. cit., page 268.
57 El Tebib Arrumi: Castilla por España y Cataluña Roja, Ediciones España, Madrid, 1940, pages 39-40.
58 Diego Abad de Santillán: Por Qué Perdimos la Guerra, C. del Toro Editor, Madrid, 1975, pages 59-70; also Juan García Oliver: El Eco de los Pasos: En Anarcosindicalismo en la calle, en el Comité de Milicias, en el gobierno, en el exilio, Mundo Ibérico, París and Barcelona, 1978, pages 171-5.
59 La Vanguardia, Barcelona, July 24, 1936, page 1.
60 Manuel Pérez, 'Aquellos días emotivos de Julio', CNT, Toulouse, July 26 1953, page 2.
61 Interview with Gabriel Franco, in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, September 12 1955.
62 Broué and Temime, op. cit., page 113.
63 Gómez Casas, op. cit., page 186.
64 Pedro Carrillo, La CNT en Madrid en la Revolucion del 19 de Julio', in CNT, Toulouse, July 26 1953, page 2.
65 Broué and Temime, op. cit., pages 113-15.
66 Ibarruri et al., op. cit., Volume I, page 273.
67 Ronald Eraser: Blood of Spain: The Experience of Civil War, 1936-1939, Penguin Books Ltd., London, 1979, page 107.
68 Ibid., page 57.
69 Ibid., pages 50-1.
70 Broué and Temime, op. cit., page 116.
71 Ibarruri et al., op. cit., Volume 1, page 159.
72 La Guerra Civil en Asturias, Ediciones Jucar, Gijón, 1988, Volume 1 for extensive discussion of the siege of Oviedo.
73 El Tebib Arrumi: En Girón hubo un Simancas, Ediciones España, Madrid, 1940.
74 Ibarruri et al., op. cit., Volume 1, pages 162-7.
75 Broué and Temime, op. cit., pages 106-7.
76 Interview with Arsenio Jiméno, in Paris, January 12 1952.
77 Broué and Temime, op. cit., pages 104–5.
78 Ibid., pages 115-16.
79 Pedro Vallina, 'Ciudad Real, La Sublevación Popular', in CNT, Toulouse, September 2 1950, page 2.
80 Pedro Vallina, 'Almadén en la Revolución', in CNT, Toulouse, September 10 1950, page 3.
81 Terence M. Smyth: La CNT al País Valencia 1936/1937, Series La Unitat, Num. 33, Valencia, 1977, pages 23-4.
82 Ibid., page 24.
83 Ibid., page 7.
84 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., pages 203–4.
85 Smyth, op. cit., pages 28-9.
86 Arrumi: Castilla por España y Cataluña Roja, op. cit., pages 37-8.
87 Broué and Temime, op. cit., pages 116-18; for a general description of the Valencia situation, see Smyth, op cit., pages 24-5, page 30.
Глава 5
1 Louis Fischer: Men and Politics: An Autobiography, Duell, Sloane and Pearce, New York, 1941, pages 393, 396.
2 Ibid., page 428.
2a Так у автора. По всей видимости, речь идёт о наступлении на Брунете. – Примеч. пер.
3 Dolores Ibarruri, Manuel Azcarate, Luis Balaguer, Antonio Cordon, Irene Falcon and José Sandoval: Guerra y Revolución en España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, 1966, Volume II, page 87.
3a Сам генерал Мола погиб в авиакатастрофе во время Бискайской кампании. – Примеч. пер.
4 Adolfo Buesco: Recuerdos de un Cenetista, Editorial Ariel, Barcelona, 1978, Volume II, pages 298-9.
5 Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, page 125.
6 David T. Cattell: Communism and the Spanish Civil War, Russell & Russell, New York, 1965, page 88.
7 Palmiro Togliatti: Escritos sobre la guerra de España, Editorial Crítica, Barcelona, 1980, page 267.
8 Ibid., page 303.
9 Bollotten, op. cit., page 153.
Глава 6
0 Так у автора. В других источниках называется Центральным комитетом антифашистской милиции Каталонии (Comité Central de Milicias Antifascistas de Cataluña). – Примеч. пер.
1 Juan Garcia Oliver: El Eco de los Pasos: En Anarcosindalismo en la calle, en el Comité de Milicias, en el gobierno, en el exilio, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris and Barcelona, 1978, page 196.
2 Diego Abad de Santillán: Porqué Perdimos la Guerra, G. del Toro Editor, Madrid, 1975, page 84.
3 Abel Paz: Durruti: El Proletariado en Armas, Editorial Bruguera S.A., Barcelona, 1978, page 397.
4 Santillán, op. cit., page 84.
5 Paz, op. cit., page 397.
6 García Oliver, op. cit., page 195.
7 Interview with Louis Mercier, Paris, July 18 1960.
8 La Vanguardia, Barcelona, July 24 1936, page 3.
9 Santillán, op. cit., page 85.
10 Lola Iturbe: La Mujer en la Lucha Social y en la Guerra Civil de España, Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A., Mexico, 1974, page 122.
11 García Oliver, op. cit., pages 198-9.
12 Ibid., page 199.
13 La Vanguardia, Barcelona, July 26 1936, page 2.
14 Paz, op. cit., page 402.
15 Franz Borkenau: The Spanish Cockpit, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1963, page 73.
16 Paz, op. cit., pages 402-3; this is confirmed in interview with Ricardo Sanz, in Toulouse, August 6 1960.
17 Paz, op. cit., page 404.
18 Jesús Hernandez: Negro y Rojo: Los Anarquistas en la Revolución Española, La España Contemporánea, Mexico, D.F., 1946, pages 266-7.
19 Borkenau, op. cit., page 107.
20 Ibid., page 94.
21 Ibid., page 85.
22 Paz, op. cit., page 405.
23 Ricardo Sanz: Los Qué Fuimos a Madrid: Columna Durruti 26 Division, Imprimerie Dulaurier, Toulouse, 1969, page 84.
24 Ibid., page 84.
25 Garcia Oliver, pages 238-46.
26 Ibid., page 285.
27 Ibid., page 292.
28 ‘Verbatim Report of Meeting of Political and Military Leaders on the Aragón Front in September 1937’.
29 César M. Lorenzo: Les Anarchistes Espagnols et le Pouvoir1863-1969, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1969, page 238.
30 Diego Abad de Santillán: La Revolución y La Guerra enEspaña - Notas Preliminares para su Historia, Ediciones Nervio, Buenos Aires, 1937, pages 125-6.
31 Interview with José Peirats, in Toulouse, August 1 1960.
33 Interview with Ricardo Sanz, in Toulouse, August 6 1980.
34 Interview with Diego Camacho, in Barcelona, July 28 1984.
35 Interview with Mariano Casasus Lacasta, in Barcelona, July 12 1984.
35a Согласно другим источникам, это название носила 127-я бригада 28-й дивизии, организованная на основе Красно-чёрной колонны милиции (Columna Roja y Negra). – Примеч. пер.
36 Interview with Sr Ballesta, in Limoges, France, August 13 1960.
37 Interview with Miguel Celma, in Toulouse, August 4 1960.
38 Interview with José Torrente, in Toulouse, August 1 1960.
39 Interview with Mariano Casasus Lacasta, in Barcelona, July 12 1984.
40 Interview with Francisco Subirate, in Toulouse, August 2 1984.
41 Interview with Manuel Salas, in Barcelona, July 16 1984.
42 César Lorenzo, op. cit., page 306.
43 Hernández, op. cit., page 259.
44 Lazarillo de Tormes: España Cuña de la Libertad: La Revolución Española y sus Conflictos, Ediciones Ebro, Valencia, n.d. (1937), page 86.
45 ‘Informe de la Delegación de la C.N.T. al Congreso Extraordinario de la A.I.T. y Resoluciones del Mismo, Diciembre de 1937,’ page 80.
46 José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1955, Volume 1, page 214.
47 Santillán: Porqué Perdimos la Guerra, op. cit., page 138.
48 Ibid., page 140.
49 Spanish News Bulletin, Barcelona, April 1937, page 2.
50 Interview with Juan Manuel Molina, in Pans, July 24 1960.
51 ‘Revolution Only Beginning in Spain’, Spanish Revolution, New York, February 8 1937, page 4.
52 Paz, op. cit., page 452.
53 Ibid., page 456.
54 Santillán: Porqué Perdimos la Guerra, op. cit., pages 141-2.
55 Ibid., pages 140-1; Paz, op. cit., pages 451-2.
56 Gaston Leval: Colectividades Libertarias en España, Editors Proyección, Buenos Aires, 1974, Volume 2, pages 163-4.
57 George Orwell: Homage to Catalonia, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich Publishers, New York, 1980, pages 33-5. [Переводчик неизвестен. Здесь и далее приводится по: Оруэлл Дж. Памяти Каталонии. Париж: Editions de la Seine, [1950]. URL: http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Homage_to_Catalonia/russian/r_htc.]
58 Ibid., page 54.
59 Ibid., page 68.
60 Ibid., pages 39-41.
61 Paz, op. cit., page 412.
62 Interview with Manuel Salas, in Barcelona, July 12 1984.
63 El Frente, Bujaralóz, October 11 1937.
64 Ibid., November 20 1937.
65 Mas Allá, May 10 1937.
66 Ibid., August 11 1937.
67 Juan Manuel Molina: El Comunismo Totalitario, Editores Mexicanos Unidos, Mexico, 1982, pages 18-22.
68 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas en la crisis política española, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1976, page 230.
69 Pierre Broué and Emile Temime: The Revolution and the CivilWar in Spain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1970, pages 462-464.
70 Sanz, op. cit., page 168.
71 Broué and Temime, op. cit., page 468.
72 José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1953, Volume III, page 80.
73 Valentín González and Julian Gorkin: El Campesino: Life andDeath in Soviet Russia, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1952, pages 25-6.
74 Bajo la Bandera de la España Republicana: Recuerdan los voluntarios soviéticos participantes en la guerra nacional-revolucionaria en España, Editorial Progreso, Moscow, n.d., page 50. [Под знаменем Испанской республики. 1936–1939: Воспоминания советских добровольцев-участников национально-революционной войны в Испании. М.: Наука, 1965. С. 180.]
75 Ibid., pages 49, 58. [Там же. С. 179, 188.]
76 Sanz, op. cit., page 207.
77 Ibid., page 213.
78 Ibid., page 222; Sanz’s description of the Aragón campaign, pages 169-230.
79 Ibid., page 234.
80 Ibid , pages 236-8.
81 Ibid., page 258.
82 Ibid., page 239.
83 Josip Maria Bricall: Política Económica de la Generalitat (1936-1939): El Sistema Financer, Edicions 62, Barcelona, 1979, pages 92-3.
84 Ibid., page 93.
85 Ibid., page 96.
86 Sanz, op. cii., page 247.
87 Enrique Castro Delgado: Hombres Made inMoscu, Publicaciones Mañana, Mexico, 1960, page 678.
88 Sanz, op. cit., pages 249-50.
89 Ibid., pages 257 and 266.
90 Ibid., page 274.
91 Gabriel Jackson: The Spanish Republic and the Civil War1931-1939, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, page 463.
92 Ibid., page 274.
93 Santillán: Porgué Perdimos la Guerra, op. cit., pages 346-8.
94 Martin Gudell in Aportes a la Verdad en la Liquidación de laGuerra Española, Ediciones, C.G.T., Santiago, Chile, n.d. (1939), page 22.
95 Santillán: Porqué Perdimos la Guerra, op. cit., pages 346-8.
96 Ibid., page 25.
97 Sanz, op. cit., page 285; Sanz’s account of the battle of Catalonia, pages 262-5.
Глава 7
1 Ramón Sender: Counter-Attack in Spain, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1937, page 252.
2 Eduardo de Guzman: Madrid, Rojo y Negro, Milicias Confederates, Ediciones Venice, Caracas, 1972, page 107.
3 Ibid., page 40.
4 Jesús Hernández: Negro y Rojo: Los Anarquistas en ta Revolución Expañola, La España Contemporánea, Mexico, D.F., 1946, page 260 (footnote).
5 Eduardo de Guzmán: Madrid, Rojo y Negro, Milicias Confederales, Ediciones Vertice, Caracas, 1972; see also Robert Garland Colodny: TheStruggle for Madrid: The Central Epic of theSpanish Conflict (1936-37), Paine-Whitman Publishers, New York, 1958, page 149.
6 de Guzman, op. cit., page 93-8.
7 Robert Garland Colodny: The Struggle for Madrid: The CentralEpic of the Spanish Conflict(1936-37), Paine-Whitman Publishers, New York, 1958 page 36.
8 Ibid., pages 20 and 24.
9 General Vicente Rojo: Así Fué la Defensade Madrid, Ediciones Era, S.A., Mexico, 1967, page 24.
10 Enrique Castro Delgado: Hombres Made inMoscú, Publicaciones Mañana, Mexico, 1960, page 431.
11 Hernández, op. cit., page 281.
12 Rojo, op. cit., page 25. Книга Рохо является лучшим источником, содержащим детали битвы за Мадрид. Официальная коммунистическая история Гражданской войны, написанная Долорес Ибаррури и её коллегами, также даёт развёрнутое описание обороны Мадрида, естественно, выдвигая на первый план роль коммунистов (Ibarruri et al., pages 120-291). Наконец, исследование Роберта Колодни также содержит ценные подробности относительно различных фаз битвы.
13 Mikhail Koltsov: Diario de la Guerra de España, Ediciones Ruedo Ibérico, Paris, 1963. [Кольцов М. Е. Испания в огне. М.: Политиздат, 1987. Т. 1. С. 211.]
14 Rojo, op. cit., pages 29-30.
15 Koltsov, op. cit., page 275. [Кольцов М. Е. Указ. соч. С. 312.]
16 Rojo, op cit., page 73.
17 Abel Paz: Durruti: el Proletariado en Armas, Editorial Bruguera S.A., Barcelona, 1978, page 481.
18 Rojo, op cit., page 30.
19 Colodny, op. cit., pages 50-1.
20 Rojo, op. cit., pages 30-1.
21 Ibid., pages 69-70.
22 Burnett Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage: the Spanish Civil War and Revolution, 1936-39, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968, page 239.
23 Louis Fischer: Men and Politics: An Autobiography, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York, 1941, page 398.
24 Rojo, op. cit., page 31. [В советских вооружённых силах до 1940 г. отсутствовали генеральские звания. В. Е. Горев носил звание комбрига; Висенте Рохо в своих мемуарах называет его полковником. – Примеч. пер.]
25 Pietro Nenni: La Guerre d’Espagne, Francois Maspero, Paris, 1959, page 53.
26 Louis Fischer: The War in Spain, The Nation, New York, 1937, page 27.
27 Bajo la Bandera de la España Republicana: Recuerdan los Voluntarios soviéticos participantes en la guerra nacional-revolucionaria en España, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, n.d., page 187. [Под знаменем Испанской республики. 1936–1939: Воспоминания советских добровольцев-участников национально-революционной войны в Испании. М.: Наука, 1965. С. 246.]
28 Hugh Thomas: The Spanish Civil War, Harper & Row, New York, 1961, pages 323-4.
29 Ibid., page 325.
30 George Orwell: Homage to Catalonia, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich Publishers, New York, 1980, page 63.
31 Rojo, op. cit., page 222.
32 Gabriel Jackson: The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, Princeton University Pres, Princeton, N.J., 1965, page 327; and Koltsov, op. cit., page 205-6. [Кольцов М. Е. Указ. соч. С. 236.] Джексон и Кольцов утверждают, что интернациональная бригада заступила на позиции 8 ноября, что опровергается Рохо.
33 Rojo, op cit., pages 222-3.
34 Ibid., page 220.
35 de Guzman, op. cit., page 118.
36 Ibid., page 34.
37 Ibid., pages 34-44.
38 Ricardo Sanz: Los Qué Fuimos a Madrid: Columna Durruti 26 División, Imprimerie Dulaurier, Toulouse, 1969, page 107.
39 de Guzman, op. cit., page 24.
40 Ibid., page 74; see also Bolloten, op. cit., page 219.
41 Ibid., page 50.
42 Ibid., page 59.
43 Ibid., page 50.
44 Ibid., pages 56-9.
45 Bolloten, op. cit., page 253, footnote No. 29.
46 Paz, page 486.
47 Juan Garcia Oliver: El Eco de tos Pasos: En Anarcosindicalismo en la calle, en el Comité de Milicias, en et gobierno, en el exilio, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris and Barcelona, 1978, pages 315, 321.
48 Ibid., pages 314-15 and 321.
49 Ibid., pages 315 and 321.
50 Ibid., pages 323-5.
51 Paz, op. cit., page 489.
52 Ibid., pages 489-90.
53 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., pages 326-7.
54 Ibid., page 321.
55 Ibid., pages 330-1.
55a Советником Дуррути был назначен Х.‑У. Д. Мамсуров, известный в Испании как Ксанти. См.: Кольцов М. Е. Указ. соч. С. 259–260. – Примеч. пер.
56 Ibid., pages 333-5.
57 Paz, op. cit., pages 489-91.
58 Ibid., pages 492-3.
59 Colodny, op. cit., page 197.
60 Thomas, op. cit., page 327; Jesús Hernández, op. cit., pages 318-19 repeats much the same story, as does Louis Fischer: Men and Politics, op. cit., page 395.
61 Paz, op. cit., page 487.
62 Rojo, op. cit., pages 89-90.
63 Dolores Ibarruri, Manuel Azcarate, Luis Balaguer, Antonio Cordon, Irene Falcon and José Sandoval; Guerra y Revoluciónen España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, 1966, Volume II, page 175.
64 Paz, op. cit., pages 494-501.
65 Colodny, op. cit., page 197, footnote No. 215.
66 Paz, op. cit., pages 494-502.
67 Ibid., page 497.
68 See Hernández, op. cit., pages 320-1.
69 Fischer: Men and Politics, op. cit., page 395.
70 Paz, op. cit., page 556.
71 Report on the visit by an All Party Group of Members of Parliament to Spain, Published by The Press Department of the Spanish Embassy in London, London, n.d., page 5.
73 Sanz, op. cit., page 122.
74 Ibid., page 123.
75 Paz, op. cit., page 145.
76 Sanz, op cit., page 73.
77 Ibid., page 121.
78 Ibid., page 12.
79 Ibid., pages 13-17.
80 Ibid., page 15.
81 Interview with Ricardo Sanz, Toulouse, August 8, 1960.
82 Pierre Broué and Emile Temime: The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1970, page 94-5.
83 Ibid., page 115.
84 España Libre, New York City, December 1975, page 5.
85 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., page 323.
86 Sender, op. cit., pages 270-1.
87 Paz, op. cit., pages 479-81; see also Prieto cited in Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, page 192.
88 Thomas, op. cit., page 321.
89 Julio Alvarez del Vayo: The Last Optimist, Viking Press, New York, 1950, page 282.
90 Colodny, op. cit., page 171, footnote No. 25.
91 de Guzmán, op. cit., page 140.
92 Ibid., pages 145-7.
93 Bajo la Bandera de la España Republicana: Recuerdan los voluntarios soviéticos participantes en la guerra nacional-revolucionaria en España, Editorial Progreso, Moscow, n.d., pages 28-9. [Под знаменем Испанской республики. С. 159. Речь идёт о командире танковых войск М. П. Петрове. – Примеч. пер.]
94 Rojo, op. cit., page 186.
95 Thomas, op. at., page 385.
96 Rojo, op. cit., page 184.
97 Thomas, op. cit., pages 385-8.
98 Franz Borkenau: The Spanish Cockpit, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1963, pages 268-9.
99 Castro Delgado, op. cit., pages 493-4. См. также воспоминания маршала Р. Малиновского и генерала А. Родимцева о сражении при Гвадалахаре (Bajo la Bandera etc., op. cit.).
100 Thomas, op. cit., page 348.
101 Ibid., page 587.
102 Ibid., page 596.
103 Fischer: Men and Politics, op. cit., pages 373, 375; and Colodny, op. cit., pages 24-6.
104 Hernández, op. cit., pages 284-5.
105 de Guzman, op. cit., pages 120-1.
106 Rojo, op. cit., page 247.
107 Jackson, op. cit., page 332.
Глава 8
1 Abel Paz: Crónica de la Columna de Hierro, Editorial Hacer, Barcelona, 1984, pages 33-4.
2 Lawrence Fernsworth: ‘With the Spanish Anarchists’, in Current History, July 1937, page 73.
3 Interview with José Sánchez, in Toulouse, August 5, 1960.
4 Cited in Paz, op. cit., page 35.
5 Cited in Paz, op. cit., page 36.
6 Terence M. Smyth: La CNT al Pais Valencia 1936/1937, Series La Unit at. Num. 33, Valencia, 1977, page 44.
7 Cited in Paz, op. cit., page 36.
8 Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and theStruggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, pages 314-15.
9 Jesús Hernández: Negro y Rojo: Los Anarquistas en laRevolución Española, La España Contemporánea, Mexico, D.F., 1946, pages 230-2; and Dolores Ibarruri, Manuel Aícarate, Luis Balaguer, Antonio Cordon, Irene Falcon and José Sandoval: Guerra y Revolución en España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, 1966, Volume I, page 173.
10 Paz, op. cit., page 37.
11 Ibid., page 45.
12 Fernsworth, op. cit., pages 73-4.
13 Paz, op. cit., pages 36-45.
14 Ibid., pages 51 and 58.
15 Ibid., pages 54-5.
16 Ibid., page 60.
17 Smyth, page 42.
18 Ibid., page 48.
19 Ibid., page 61.
20 Ibid., page 170.
21 Ibid., page 169.
22 Paz, op. cit., page 227; and Smyth, op. cit., page 64.
23 Cited by Paz, op. cit., page 227.
24 Julio Alvarez del Vayo: The Last Optimist, Viking Press, New York, 1950, page 282.
25 Paz, op. cit., pages 75-6.
26 Pierre Broue and Emile Temime: The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1970, page 227; and see also, Smyth, op. cit., page 52.
27 Paz, op. cit., page 76.
28 Smyth, op. cit., page 54.
29 Ibid., page 62.
30 Paz, op. cit., pages 92-6; see Hernandez, op. cit., page 243-6 for the Communist version of this incident.
31 Paz, op. cit., pages 185-6 and Smyth, op. cit., pages 63 and 67-8.
32 Smyth, op. cit., page 59.
33 Ibid., page 60.
34 Ibid., page 62.
35 César M. Lorenzo: Les anarchistes Espagnols et le Pouvoir 1863-1969, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1969, page 199.
36 Ibid., page 200.
37 Bolloten, ibid., page 324.
38 Hugh Thomas: The Spanish Civil War, Harper & Row, New York, 1961, page 372.
39 Bolloten, ibid., pages 323-4.
40 Franz Borkenau: The Spanish Cockpit, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1963, page 226.
41 Lorenzo, op. cit., page 200.
42 Hernandez, op. cit., page 403.
43 Juan Carcia Oliver: El Eco de los Pasos: El Anarcosindicalismo en la calle, en el Comité de Milicias, en el gobierno, en el exilio, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris and Barcelona, 1978, page 486.
44 Lorenzo, op. cit., page 200.
45 Bolloten, op. cit., page 324.
46 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., page 511.
47 Borkenau, op. cit., pages 225-6.
48 Lorenzo, op. cit., page 199.
49 Thomas, op. cit., page 373.
50 Francisco Largo Caballero: Correspondencia Secreta, No, Madrid, 1961, page 239.
51 Broué and Tcmime, op. cit., page ?????.
52 Bolloten, page 340.
53 Largo Caballero, op. cit., pages 315-6.
54 Broué and Temime, page 179.
55 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., pages 404-5.
56 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 346, August 26 1937, page 2.
57 Interview with Francisco Romero, in Toulouse, August 2 1960.
58 Borkenau, op. cit., pages 164-5.
59 José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1953, Volume III, pages 231-2.
60 Interview with Sr Ramirez, in Toulouse, August 7 1960.
61 Diego Abad de Santillán, Porqué Perdimos la Guerra, G. del Toro Editor, Madrid, 1975, page 137.
62 Lorenzo, op. cit., page 162.
63 Santillán, op. cit., page 137.
64 Ibid., pages 137-8.
65 Thomas op. cit., page 250.
66 Broué and Temime, op. cit., page 180.
67 Thomas, op. cit., page 251.
68 Lorenzo, op. cit., page 162.
69 Ibid., pages 166-71.
70 Thomas, op. cit., page 447 and Broué and Temime, page 397.
71 Lorenzo, op. cit., page 179-80.
72 Thomas, op. cit., pages 468-70.
73 La Guerra Civil en Asturias, Ediciones Juncar, Gijón, 1983, Volume I, page 48.
74 Santillán, op. cit., page 186.
75 La Guerra Civil en Asturias, op cit., Volume I, page 1 88.
76 Lorenzo, op. cit., page 174.
77 Ibid., page 177.
78 Cited by Burnett Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage: the Spanish Civil War and Revolution, 1936-39, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968, page 253 (footnote No. 29).
79 La Guerra Civil en Asturias, op. cit., Volume II, page 158.
80 Acción Libertaria, Gijón, May-August 1986, page 2.
81 La Guerra Civil en Asturias, op. cit., Volume II, page 360.
82 Ibid., Volume II, page 365.
83 Ibid., Volume II, page 458.
84 The two volumes of La Guerra Civil en Asturias, op. cit., present extensive details on the War in the north.
85 Lorenzo, op. cit., pages 173-4.
86 Thomas, op. cit., page 480.
87 Santillán, op. cit., page 237.
88 Interview with José Pastor, in Limoges, August 14 1960.
89 Bajo la Bandera de la España Republicana: Recuerdan los voluntarios soviéticos participantes en la guerra nacional-revolucionaria en España, Editorial Progreso, Moscow, n.d., page 141. [Под знаменем Испанской республики. 1936–1939: Воспоминания советских добровольцев-участников национально-революционной войны в Испании. М.: Наука, 1965. С. 202–203.]
90 Santillán, op. cit., page 237.
91 Interview with José Pastor, Limoges, France, August 14 1960.
92 Bajo La Bandera etc., op. cit., page 141. [Под знаменем Испанской республики. С. 202.]
93 Santillán, op. cit., page 238.
94 Ibid., page 240.
95 See account of N. Kuznetsov in Bajo la Bandera etc., op. cit., pages 131-215. [Под знаменем Испанской республики. С. 191–274.]
96 Cited in Bolloten, The Spanish Revolution etc., op. cit., page 296.
Глава 9
1 Stanley C. Payne: The Spanish Revolution, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1970, page 317.
2 Ibid., page 320.
3 Interview with José González Malo, in New York City, July 12 1960.
4 Abel Paz: Durruti: El Proletariado en Armas, Editorial Bruguera S.A., Barcelona, 1978, pages 405-7.
5 Ibid., page 407.
6 Ibid., page 408.
7 General Vicente Rojo: Así Fué la Defensa de Madrid, Ediciones Era, S.A., Mexico, 1967, pages 98-9.
8 George Orwell: Homage to Catalonia, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich Publishers, New York, 1980, pages 28-9.
9 Ibid., page 55.
10 Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, pages 245-50.
11 Paz, op. cit., pages 407 and 409.
12 Ricardo Sanz: Los Qué Fuimos a Madrid: Columna Durruti 26 Division, Imprimerie Dulaurier, Toulouse, 1969, page 15.
13 Cipriano Mera: Guerra, Exilio y Cárcel de un Anarcosindicalista, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris, 1976, page 108.
14 Ramón Alvarez: Historia Negra de Una Crisis Libertaria, Editores Mexicanos, S.A., Madrid, 1983.
15 La Guerra Civil en Asturias, Ediciones Jucar, Gijón, 1938, Volume I, page 147.
16 Ibid., Volume I, page 157.
17 Ibid., Volume I, pages 159-60.
18 Acción Libertaria, Gijón, May-August 1986, page 3.
19 Dolores Ibarruri, Manuel Azcarate, Luis Balaguer, Antonio Cordón, Irene Falcon and José Sandoval: Guerra y Revolución en España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, 1966, Volume II, page 24.
20 Mera, op. cit., pages 107-8.
21 Ibid., pages 108-9.
22 Rojo, op. cit., pages 116-17.
23 Tierra y Libertad, Barcelona, February 20, 1937, page 7.
24 Sanz, op. cit., page 126.
25 Eduardo de Guímán: Madrid, Rojo y Negro, Milicias Confederales, Ediciones Vertice, Caracas, 1972, page 141.
26 Juan García Oliver: El Eco de los Pasos: En Anarcosindicalismo en la calle, en el Comité de Milicias, en el gobierno, en el exilio, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris and Barcelona, 1978, pages 409-10.
27 César M. Lorenzo: Les Anarchistes Espagnols et le Pouvoir1863-1969, Editiions du Seuil, Paris, 1969, page 131.
28 García Oliver, op. cit., pages 220-1.
29 Ibid., page 222.
30 Ibid., pages 222-3.
31 Ibid., page 325.
32 Ibid., page 327.
33 Ibid., page 345.
34 Ibid., pages 372-3.
35 Ibid., pages 395-6.
36 Ibid., op. cit., pages 352. [Первым из названных лиц был майор госбезопасности А. М. Орлов, вторым, возможно, комдив К. А. Мерецков, служивший в Испании под псевдонимом Петрович. – Примеч. пер.]
37 Ibid., pages 376-7.
38 Cited in ibid., page 377 (footnote).
39 Ibid., page 326.
40 Ibid., page 328.
41 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas en la crisis política española, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1946, page 166.
42 Ibid., page 169.
43 Bolloten, op. cit., page 309.
43a Намёк на Советско-финскую войну 1939–1940 гг. – Примеч. пер.
44 Deigo Abad de Santillán: Porqué Perdimos la Guerra, G. del Toro Editor, Madrid, 1975, page 180.
45 Ibid., page 208.
46 Camilo Berneri: Entre la Revolución y las Trincheras, Paris, 1976, page 16.
47 Burnett Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage: The Spanish Civil War and Revolution, 1936-39, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968, page 217.
48 Abel Paz: Crónica de la Columna de Hierro, Editorial Hacer, Barcelona, 1984, page 150.
49 Ibid., page 171.
50 Ibid., page 159.
51 Ibid., pages 161-5.
52 Ibid., page 192.
53 Jose Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1952, Volume II, page 38.
54 Paz: Crónica de la Columna de Ferro, Editorial Hacer, Barcelona, 1984 Volume II, page 38.
55 Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution etc., op. cit., page 311.
56 Ibid., page 312.
57 Franz Borkenau: The Spanish Cockpit, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1963, page 187.
58 Interview with Francisco Romero, in Toulouse, August 2 1960.
59 Borkcnau, op. cit., pages 174-5.
60 José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, op, cit., Volume II, page 38.
61 de Guzman, op. cit., page 144.
62 Ibid., page 152. [Согласно другим источникам, колонна Аскасо составила основу 28-й дивизии, куда входили 125-я, 126-я и 127-я бригады. – Примеч. пер.]
63 Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution etc., pages 261-2.
64 Ibid., page 263; See also Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage etc.,op. cir., page 231, footnote No. 30; see Ibarruri et al., op. cit., for the Communist rationalization for the political commissars, page 298.
65 Letters from Spain by Joe Dallet, American Volunteer, to His Wife, Workers Library Publishers, New York City, 1938, page 42.
66 Garcia Oliver, op. cit., page 373.
67 Ibid., pages 373-4.
68 Ibid., pages 483-9.
69 Santillan, op. cit., pages 185-6.
70 Ibid., pages 191-2.
71 Mera, op. cit., page 193.
72 Palmiro Togliatti: Escritos sobre la guerra de España, Editorial Critica, Barcelona, 1980, page 301.
Глава 10
1 Dolores Ibarruri, Manuel Azcarate, Luis Balaguer, Antonio Cordón, Irene Falcon and José Sandoval: Guerra y Revolución en España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, 1966, Volume I, pages 65-6.
2 Ibid., pages 177-8.
3 Stanley G. Payne: The Spanish Revolution, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1970, pages 204-5.
4 Roy Medvedev: Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism, Columbia University Press, New York, 1989, pages 724-5. [Медведев Р. А. К суду истории: О Сталине и сталинизме. М.: Время, 2011. С. 515.]
5 Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, page 260-1; see also Burnett Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage: The Spanish Civil War and Revolution 1936-39, Frederick A. Praeger, Nedw York, 1968, pages 227-8.
6 Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution etc., page 262, and Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage etc., op. cit., pages 230-1.
7 Franz Borkenau: The Spanish Cockpit, University oí Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1963, page 81.
8 Enrique Castro Delgado: Hombres Made in Moscú, Publicaciones Mañana, Mexico, 1960, pages 268-78.
9 Ibid., pages 277-9; See Ibrarruri et al., op. cit., pages 296-304 for Communist account of Fifth Regiment. Also, Ramón Sender: Counter-Attack in Spain, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1937, has an extensive description of the functioning of the Fifth Regiment in the early months of the war, and of his participation in it.
10 Gabriel Jackson: The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1965, page 313.
11 Borkenau, op. cit., page 132.
12 Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage etc., op. cit., page 224.
13 Valentin Gonzalez and Julian Gorkin: El Campesino: Life and Death in Soviet Russia, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1952, page 20.
14 Pierre Broué and Emile Temime: The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1970, page 233.
15 Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution etc., op. cit., page 260; see also Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage etc., op. cit., page 111.
16 Castro Delgado, op. cit., page 449.
17 Hugh Thomas: The Spanish Civil War, Harper & Row, New York, 1961, page 346.
18 Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage, op. cit., page 223, footnote No. 9.
19 Broué and Temime, op. cit., page ?????.
20 Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution etc., page 257.
21 Ibarruri et al., op. cit., pages 297-8.
22 La Guerra Civil en Asturias, Ediciones Jucar, Gijón, 1983, Volume 1, page 156.
23 Ibid., page 154.
24 Castro Delgado, op. cit., page 450.
25 José Peirats: Los Anarquistas en la crisis política española, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1976, page 210.
26 Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution etc., op. cit., page 265.
27 Interview with Robert Gladnick, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 12 1958.
28 Borkenau, op. cit., page 193.
29 Juan Garcia Oliver: El Eco de los Pasos: En Anarcosindicalismo en la calle, en el Comité de Milicias, en el gobierno, en el exilio, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris and Barcelona, 1978, page 478.
30 Peirats, op. cit., pages 326-7.
31 Interview with Ricardo Sanz, in Toulouse, August 6 1960.
32 José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1953, Volume III, pages 270-4.
33 Palmiro Togliatti: Escritos sobre la guerra de España, Editorial Critica, Barcelona, 1980, page 156.
34 Peirars: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, op. cit., Volume III, pages 228-9.
35 Ibid., page 231.
36 Ibid., page 232.
37 Ibid., page 234.
38 Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., page 324.
38a Намёк на «Сто тысяч сыновей святого Людовика» – французских интервентов, вторгшихся в Испанию в 1823 г., чтобы поддержать короля Фернандо VII и восстановить абсолютную монархию. – Примеч. пер.
39 Ibid., page 325.
Глава 11
1 For more extensive review of the situation in different parts of Spain see Gerald Brenan: The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982, pages 87-130.
2 Gaston Leval: Né Franco Né Stalin: La Collettivita Anarchiche Spagnola nella Lotta Contro Franco e la Reazione Staliniana, Instituto Editoriale Italiano, Milan, n.d., pages 17-26.
3 Walther Bernecker: Colectividades y Revolución Social: El Anarquismo en la Guerra Civil Española, 1936-1939, Editorial Crítica, Barcelona, 1982, pages 93-4; see also Leval, op. cit., pages 40-1.
4 Brenan, op. cit., page 174; see also Leval, op. cit., page 53. [Слова, выделенные курсивом, в оригинале написаны по-испански. – Примеч. пер.]
5 Brenan, page 188.
6 Ibid., page 194. [Слова, выделенные курсивом, в оригинале написаны по-испански. – Примеч. пер.]
7 Ibid., page 194.
8 Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, page 68.
9 Juan Zafón Bayó: El Consejo Revolucionario de Aragón, Editorial Planeta, Barcelona, 1979, pages 12-16; see also José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciiones CNT, Toulouse, 1955, Volume I, pages 123-4.
10 José Peirats: Los anarquistas en la crisis política española, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1976, page 137.
11 Richard A.H. Robinson: The Origins of Franco Spain: The Right, the Republic and the Revolution, 1931-1936, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1970, page 214.
12 Ibid., page 25.
13 Ibid., page 363, footnote No. 118.
14 Bernecker, op. cit., page 104, footnote No. 26.
15 Ibid., page 56.
16 Bolloten, op. cit., page 69.
17 Bernecker, op. cit., pages 142-3, footnote No. 104.
18 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., T.A.I., Barcelona, No. 294, June 26 1937.
19 Ibid, No. 294, June 26 1937 and No. 295, June 28 1937; see also Peirats, La CNT en la Revolución Española etc., op. cit., Volume II, pages 297-304.
20 Bernecker, op. cit., page 130.
21 Ibid., page 133.
22 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 455, January 1 1938.
23 Ibid., No. 404, November 3 1937.
24 Brcnan, op. cit., page 243.
25 Interview with José Vergara, in Madrid, October 30 1951.
26 Bernecker, op. cit., page 103.
27 Brcnan, op. cit., page 245.
28 Interview with José Vergara, in Madrid, October 30 1951.
29 Bernecker, op. cit., page 104.
30 Leval, op. cit., page 59; see also Edward E. Malefakis: Agrarian Reform and Peasant Revolution in Spain: Origins of the Civil War, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1970, pages 1 86-285.
31 Dolores Ibarruri, Manuel Azcaratc, Luis Balaguer, Antonio Cordon, Irene Falcon and José Sandoval: Guerra y Revolución en España 1936-1939, Editorial Progreso, Moscú, 1966, Volume 1, page 24.
32 Brcnan, op. cit., pages 245-6.
33 See Malefakis, op. cit., pages 343-63.
34 For an account of the Casas Viejas incident see Jerome R. Mintz: The Anarchists of Casas Viejas, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1982.
35 Aurora Bosch Sánchez: Ugetistas y Libertarios: Guerra Civil y Revolución en el Patas Valenciano, 1936-1939, Institución Alfons el Magnanim, Diputado Provincial de Valencia, Valencia, 1983, page 62.
36 Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., op. cit., page 154.
37 Bolloten: Thhe Spanish Revolution etc., op. cit., page 223; see also Ibarruri et al., op. cit., Volume II, pages 64-6 for text of Octobcr 7 decree; see also Bernecker, op. cit., page 146.
38 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 1 36.
39 Bernecker, op. cit., page 146.
40 Both cited in Bolloten, The Spanish Revolution etc., op. cit., page 223.
41 José Duque: 'La Situación de Aragón al Comienzo de la Guerra', n.d. (manuscript).
42 Bolloten, op. cit., pages 223-4; see also José Peirats: Los Anarquistas etc., page 154.
43 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 1 36.
44 Leval, op. cit., page 303.
45 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 137.
46 Ibid., pages 167-8.
47 Bernecker, op. cit., page 145.
48 Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution, op. cit., pages 229-30. [Цитата дополнена по изданию, на которое ссылается автор. – Примеч. пер.]
49 Ibid., page 225.
50 Ibid., page 228.
51 Ibid., page 71.
52 Leval, op. cit., page 318.
53 Bernecker, op. cit., page 109-10.
54 Ibid., pages 110-11.
55 Malefakis, op. cit., page 386.
58 Bolloten, op. cit., page 78.
59 Peirats: Los Anarquistas, etc., op. cit., pages 150-1.
60 Ilya Ehrcnburg: Corresponsal en la Guerra Civil Española, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1979, page 57.
61 Leval, op. cit., page 236.
62 Ibid., pages 313-14.
63 Peirats: Los Anarquistas, op. cit., pages 149-50.
64 Leval, op. cit., page 240.
Глава 12
1 Interview with Gaston Leal, in Neuilly, France, July 23 1960.
2 Colectivizaciones: La Obra Constructiva de la Revolución Española, C.N.T. de España en el Exilio, Toulouse, 1973, pages 132-3.
3 Walther Bernecker: Colectividades y Revolución Social: El Anarquismo en la Guerra Civil Española, 1936-1939, Editorial Crítica, Barcelona, 1982, pages 152-4.
4 Ibid., page 155.
5 Ibid., page 155-7; see also Josep Maria Bricall: Política Economics de la Generalitat (1936-1939): El Sistema Financer, Edicions 62, Barcelona, 1979, pages 145-7.
6 Jose Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1952 Volume 2, pages 47-8.
7 Ibid., pages 45-6.
8 Bricall, op. cit., page 148.
9 Carlos Scmprún-Maura: Revolución y Contrarrevolución en Cataluña (1936-1937) Tusquets Editor, Barcelona, 1978, page 138.
10 Bernecker, op. cit., pages 160-1.
11 Ibid., pages 159-60.
12 Ibid., page 165.
13 Solidaridad Obrera, Barcelona, November 4 1937.
14 Gabriele Ranzato: Lucha de Clases y Lucha Política en la Guerra Civil Española, Editorial Anagrama, Barcelona, 1977, pages 37-8; see also Memoria: Congreso Regional de Campesinos de Cataluña, Septiembre 1936, Artes Graficas C.N.T., Barcelona, September 1936.
15 Peirats, op. cit., Volume II, pages 45-50.
16 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.L, Barcelona, No. 335, August 13 1937, page 1.
17 Ibid., No. 463, January 11 1938, page 2.
18 Ibid., page 3.
19 Gaston Leval: Colectividades Libertarias en España, Editorial Proyección, Buenos Aires, 1974, Volume 2, page 145.
20 Bernecker, op. cit., page 108.
21 Interview with José Roige in Barcelona, August 20 1960; and with Ginés Alonso, in Toulouse, August 8 1960; see also Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.L, Barcelona, No. 414, November 15 1937, as well as Leval: Colectividades Libertarias, op. cit., Vol. II, pages 102-3 and Leval: Né Franca Né Stalin: La Collectiva Anarchiche Spagnole nella Lotta Contra Franco e la Reazione Staliniana, Instituto Editoriale Italiano, Milan, n.d. and Peirats: Los Anarquistas en la crisis política española, Ediciones Jucar, Madrid and Gijón, 1976, pages 141-2.
22 Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española etc., op. cit. Volume I, pages 290-1. [Название Вилабой носил в 1937–1939 гг. Сан-Бой-де-Льобрегат. – Примеч. пер.]
23 Ibid. Volume I, page 292; also interviews with Fidel Miró in Mexico, August 22 1963, August 25 1963, and in Barcelona, July 12 1984. [Название Пла-де-Кабра носила до 1954 г. Пла-де-Санта-Мария. – Примеч. пер.]
24 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 443, December 18 1937, page 4.
25 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 406, November 5 1937, page 2.
26 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 442, December 17 1937, page 4.
27 Interview with Rafael Sarda, in Barcelona, July 11 1984.
Глава 13
1 Gerald Brenan: The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982, pages 98-9.
2 José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1955, Volume 1, page 303.
3 Augustin Souchy Bauer: Entre los Campesinos de Aragón: El comunismo libertario en las comarcas liberadas, Tunquets Editor, Barcelona, 1977, page 13.
4 Franz Borkenau: The Spanish Cockpit, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1963, pages 97-8.
5 Ibid., pages 102-3.
6 Frank Mintz: L'Autogestión dans l'Espagne révolutionnaire, Bel i baste, Paris, 1970, page 66.
7 Ibid., page 69.
8 Félix Carrasquer: Las Colectividades de Aragón: Un Vivir Autogestionado Promesa de Futuro, Editorial Laia, Barcelona, 1986, pages 27-8.
9 Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, page 79.
10 Frank Jellinek: The Civil War in Spain, Howard Fertig, New York, 1969, pages 442-3.
11 Abel Paz: Durruti: El Proletariado en Armas, Editorial Bruguera, S.A. Barcelona, 1978, page 411.
12 Ibid., page 412.
13 Comarcal de Valderrobres (Teruel): Sus Luchas Sociales y Revolucionarias, Ediciones Cultura y Acción, Toulouse, 1971.
14 Realizaciones Revolucionarias y Estructuras Colectivistas de la Comarcal de Monzón (Huesca) Con Notas Sobre la Represión Comunista, Ediciones Cultura y Acción, Esplugues de Llobregat, 1977, pages 140-1.
15 Ibid, page 82; also see Carrcsqucr, op. cit., pages 29-31.
16 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., pages 113-22 and Realizaciones etc., op. cit., pages 58-67.
17 Interview with Gaston Leval, in Neuilly, France, July 23 I960.
18 Gaston Leval: Né franco Né Stalin: La Collettivita Anarchiche Spagnola nella Lotta Contro Franco e la Reazione Staliniana, Instituto Editoriale Italiano, Milan, n.d. page 188.
19 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., pages 13-14.
20 José Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, Ediciones CNT, Toulouse, 1955, Volume I, page 303.
21 Walther Bernecker: Colectivgidades y Revolución Social: El Anarquismo en la Guerra Civil Española, 1936-1939, Editorial Critica, Barcelona, 1982 plage 108.
22 Pierre Broué and Emile Temime: The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1970, page 159.
23 Interview with Manuel Salas in Barcelona, July 16, 1984; see also Leval: Né Franco Né Stalin etc., op. cit., page 190.
24 Carrasquer, op. cit., page 57.
25 Interview with Bernabé Esteban, in Paris, September 8 1960.
26 'Actas del Primer Congreso Extraordinario de Colectividades Celebrado en Caspe el 14 y 15 de Febrero de 1937', Confederación Regional del Trabajo de Aragón, Rioja y Navarra, CNT- AIT; see also Peirats: La C.N.T. en la Revolución Española, op. cit., Volume I, pages 316-19, and Carrasquer, op. cit., pages 63-4.
27 Carrasquer, op. cit., page 69.
28 'Carta de Racionamiento Familiar', de Federación Regional de Colectividades du Aragón.
29 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 366, September 18 1937; see also Peirats, op. cit., Volume II, pages 369-70.
30 Juan Zafón Bayó: El Consejo Revolucionario de Aragón, Editorial Planeta, Barcelona, 1979, pages 78-80.
31 Leval, op. cit., page 189.
32 Realizaciones Revolucionarias etc., op. cit., pages 33–4.
33 Ibid., page 36.
34 Ibid., page 35.
35 Ibid., pages 37-8.
36 Ibid., pages 34 and 36.
37 Ibid., pages 27-8; also sec Leval, op. cit., page 241.
38 Comarcal de Valderrobres (Teruel) etc., op. cit., page 15.
39 Ibid., pages 161-2.
40 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., pages 51-2.
41 Ibid., pages 70-1.
42 Ibid., pages 77-8.
43 For instance, sec Leval, op. cit., pages 188-9.
44 José Duque: 'La Situación de Aragón al Comienzo de la Guerra', n.d., page 3.
45 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., page 14.
46 Jellinek, op. cit., page 444.
47 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., pages 82-3.
48 Peirats, op. cit., Volume I, page 308.
49 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., page 121.
50 Zafón, op. cit., page 65-7.
51 Ibid., page 88.
52 Souchy Bauer, page 77.
53 Comarcal de Valdarrobres, op. cit., page 127.
54 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., page 51.
55 'Actas del Primer Congreso Extraordinario etc.', op. cit.; see also Peirats, op. cit., Volume I, page 319.
56 Interview with Félex Carrasquer, in Paris, July 22 1960.
57 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., page 43.
58 Realizaciones Revolucionarias etc., op. cit., pages 104–11. [Изложение дополнено по изданию, на которое ссылается автор. – Примеч. пер.]
59 Zafón, op. cit., page 88.
60 Peirats, op. cit., Volume I, page 314.
61 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., page 36.
62 Realizaciones Revolucionarias etc., page 131.
63 Zafón, op. cit., page 94; see also Leval, op. cit., pages 239-40.
64 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., page 68.
65 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., page 16; see also Leval, op. cit., page 189.
66 Souchy Bauer, op. cit., page 17.
67 Ibid., pages 63-4.
68 Comarcal de Valderrobres etc., op. cit., page 163.
69 Interview with Felix Carrasquer, in Barcelona, July 31 1984.
70 'La Colectivización del Campo en Aragón', in Acción Social, Mexico, June 1938, page 38.
71 Leval, op. cit., page 244; see also Sam Dolgoff (editor): The Anarchist Collectives: Workers Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution 1936-1939, Free Life Editions, New York, 1974.
72 'La Colectivización del Campo en Aragón', op. cit., page 38.
73 Leval, op. cit., page 244; see also Dolgoff, op. cit., page 135.
74 Leval, op. cit., page 247; see also Dolgoff, op. cit., page 136.
75 'La colectivización del Campo en Aragón', op. cit., page 38.
76 Ibid., page 41.
77 Leval, op. cit., page 248; see also Dolgoff, op. cit., page 137.
78 'La Colectivización del Campo en Aragón', op. cit., page 42.
79 Ibid., page 41.
80 Ibid., page 42.
81 Ibid., page 39.
82 Souchy Baauer, op. cit., pages 46-7.
83 Interview with Miguel Celma, Toulouse, August 2 1960; see also Peirats, op. cit., Volume I, pages 313-14, Leval, op. cit., pages 278-86 and Leval: Colectividades Libertarias en España, Editorial Proyección, Buenos Aires, 1974, Volume II, pages 125-35.
84 Interview with Vicente Casella, in Toulouse, September 5 1960.
85 Leval: Colectividades Libertarias, etc., op. cit., Volume II, pages 176-7.
86 Ibid., page 314-15.
87 Ibid., pages 315-16.
88 Cited in Peirats, op. cit., Volume II, page 365.
89 Bolloten, op. cit., page 233.
90 Ibid., pages 233-4.
91 Cited by Ibid., page 235.
92 Comarcal de Valdarrobres, op. cit., page 75.
93 Ibid., page 93.
94 Ibid., pages 105-6.
95 Interview with Miguel Cclma, in Toulouse, August 2 1960.
96 Interview with José Sese, in Limogres, France, August 13 1960.
97 Leval: Né Franco Né Stalin etc., op. cit., pages 276-7.
98 Broué and Temime, op. cit., page 159.
Глава 14
1 Gaston Leval: Né Franco Né Stalin: La Collettivita Anarchiche Spagnole nella Lotta Contro Franco e la Reazione Staliniana, Instituto Editoriale Italiano, Milan, n.d., page 143; see also Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, Tusquets Editor, Barcelona, 1977, page 227.
2 Aurora Bosch Sanchez: Ugetistas y libertarios: Guerra civil y Revolución en el País Valenciano, 1936-1939, Institucio 'Alfons el Magnanim', Valencia, 1983, page 211.
3 Ibid., page 48.
4 Ibid., page 45.
5 Aurora Bosch: Colectivistas (1936-1939), Almudin, Valencia, 1980, page xvii.
6 Cited by ibid., page xxxii.
7 Jesús Hernandez: Negro y Rojo: Los Anarquistas en la Revolución Española, La España Contemporánea, Mexico, D.F., 1946, page 224.
8 Terence M. Smyth: La CNT al País Valencia 1936/1937, Series La Unitat, Num. 33, Valencia, 1977, pages 21-2.
9 Ibid., page 23.
10 Ibid., page 167.
11 Bosch Sanchez, op. cit., page 228.
12 Ibid., pages 222-3.
13 Ibid., page 238.
14 Ibid., pages 46-7; see also Smyth, op. cit., pages 109-23.
15 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 96.
16 Cited in ibid., page 282; see also Leval, op. cit., page 144.
17 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 283.
18 Bosch, op. cit., page vii.
19 Ibid., page ix.
20 Smyth, op. cit., page 152-3.
21 Bosch, op. cit., pages ix-x.
22 Ibid., page vii.
23 Bosch Sánchez, page 365.
24 Ibid., pages 365-6.
25 Interview with Emilio Vivas, in Toulouse, August 3 1960.
26 CNT, Toulouse, July 16 1950, page 3.
27 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
28 Cited in Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 238.
29 Leval, op. cit., page 145.
30 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 240.
31 Ibid., pages 145-9; see also Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 426, November 29 1937.
32 Smyth, op. cit., page 225.
33 Interview with Bernabé Esteban, in Limoges, France, August 13 1960.
34 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
35 Interview with Bernabé Esteban, in Paris, September 8 1960.
36 Leval, op. cit., page 146; Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936–1939, Tuquets Editor, Barcelona, 1977, page 229.
37 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
38 Interview with Wilebaldo Solano, in Fontenay-sous-Bois, July 19 1960.
39 Walther Bernecker: Colectvidades y Revolución Social: El Anarquismo en la Guerra Civil Española, 1936-1939, Editorial Critica, Barcelona, 1982, page 190.
40 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., No. 426, November 29 1937.
41 'Estatutos de la Colectividad del Pueblo de Alcorisa'.
42 Franz Borkenau: The Spanish Cockpit, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1963, page 119.
43 Bosch Sanchez, op. cit., page 158.
44 Bernecker, op. cit., page 263.
45 Interview with Sr Sánchez, in Limoges, France, August 13 1960.
46 Leval, op. cit., page 154.
47 Ibid., page 155.
48 Las Colectividades etc., op. cit., page 231.
49 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 289.
50 Ibid., page 292.
51 Interview with Bernabé Esteban, in Paris, September 8 1960.
52 Las Colectividades etc., op. cit., pages 231-2.
53 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
54 Diario Confederal, Valencia, December 20 1937, and interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
55 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
56 Cited by Bosch Sanchez, op. cit., page 280.
57 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
58 Solidaridad Obrera Barcelona, January 28 1938.
59 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
61 Ibid., November 23 1937.
62 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
63 Leval, op. cit., pages 148-9 and La Colectividades etc., op. cit., pages 230-1.
64 Las Colectividades etc., op. cit., pages 233-4; see also Fragua Social, Valencia, March 6 1938.
65 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
66 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 140; and Smyth, op cit., page 175.
67 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
68 Smyth, op. cit., page 172.
69 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 140-1.
70 Ibid., page 118.
71 Bosch, op. cit., page xiii.
72 Borkenau, op. cit., page 199.
73 Bosch, op. cit., page xii.
74 Ibid., pages xiii-xiv.
75 Ibid., pages xv-xvi; see also Smyth, page 177.
76 Bosch, op. cit., page xv.
76a 1 кинталь ≈ 46 кг.
77 Frank Mintz: L'Autogestión dans l'Espagne révolutionnaire, Belibaste, Paris, 1970, pages 92-3.
78 Ibid., page 93.
79 Ibid., page 92; also Bernecker, op. cit., page 125.
80 Interview with Rafael Esteban, in Paris, September 9 1960.
81 Bosch, op. cit., pages xii-xiii.
82 Ibid, page xv; see also Smyth, pages 192 and 199-201.
83 Hernández, op. cit. pages 364-74.
84 Bosch, op. cit., page xv.
85 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 144, footnote No. 59.
86 Smyth, op. cit., page 194.
87 Ibid., page 193.
88 Bosch, op. cit., page xvi.
89 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 144.
90 Mintz, op. cit., page 94.
91 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 145.
92 Interview with Gaston Leval, in Neuilly, France, July 23 1960.
93 Bernecker, op. cit., page 125.
94 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 145.
95 Smyth, op. cit., page 102.
96 Mintz, op. cit., page 95.
97 Ibid., page 95; see also Smyth, pages 192, 130.
98 Smyth, op. cit., page 124.
99 Ibid., page 130.
100 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 108.
101 Interview with Bernabé Esteban, in Paris, September 8 1960.
102 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., pages 224-5.
103 Smyth, page 166.
104 Smyth, pages 30-2.
105 Ibid., pages 158-9.
106 Ibid., page 153.
107 See Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 47.
108 Ibid., page 33 1.
109 Quoted by Mintz, op. cit., page 128; see also Smyth, page 146.
110 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., pages 93-4.
111 Ibid., pages 115-16.
112 Bosch, op. cit., page x.
113 Burnett Bollotcn: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, the University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, page 93.
114 Spanish Revolution, New York, August 20 1937, page 3.
115 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 117.
116 Ibid., page 333.
117 Ibid., page 117; see also Bernecker, op. cit., pages 141-3.
118 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 134.
119 Gaston Leval: Colectividades Libertarias en España, Editorial Proyección, Buenos Aires, 1974, Volume 2, pages 170-1.
120 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., pages 134–5.
121 Ibid., pages 136-7.
122 Ibid., page 137.
123 Ibid., pages 138-9.
124 Ibid., page 313.
125 Interview with Gaston Leval, in Neuilly, France, July 23 1960.
126 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., pages 315-25.
127 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 110.
128 Ibid., page 169.
129 Hugh Thomas: The Spanish Civil War, Harper & Row, New York, 1961, page 541.
130 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., pages 191-2.
131 Ibid., page 192.
132 Ibid., pages 198-9.
133 Mintz, op. cit., page 99.
134 Bosch Sánchez, op. cit., page 378.
135 Ibid., page 379.
Глава 15
1 Franz Borkenau: The Spanish Cockpit, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1963, page 152.
2 Gaston Leval: Né Franco Né Stalin: Le Collettii/ita Anarchiche Spagnole nella Lotta Contro Franco e la Reazione Staliniana, Instituto Editoriale Italiano, Milan, n.d., page 290; also see Las Colectividades Campesinas 19.36-19.39, Tusquets Editor, Barcelona, 1977, page 280.
3 Gerald Brenan: The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982, page 157.
4 Walthcr Bernecker: Colectividades y Revolución Social: El Anarquismo en la Guerra Civil Española, 1936-1939, Editorial Critica, Barcelona, 1982, pages 105-6.
5 Borkenau, op. cit., page 141.
6 Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, Tusquets Editor, Barcelona, 1977, page 219; see also Leval, op. cit., pages 288-9.
7 Interview with Gaston Leval, in Neuilly, France, July 23 1960.
8 Juan de Cuenca: 'Episodios de la Revolución Española: Cuenca', in CNT, Toulouse, December 17 1950.
9 Juan Caba Guijarro: 1936-1939: El Colectivismo en Membrilla (C. Real), Angama Industrias Gráficas, Ciudad Real, 1981.
10 Leval, op. cit., page 290; see also Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, page 280.
11 Bernecker, op. cit., pages 109-10.
12 Tierra y Libertad, Barcelona, July 1937.
13 CNT, Toulouse, October 22 1961.
14 Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, op. cit., pages 281-2; see also Leval, op. cit., page 192.
15 Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, op. cit., page 2923; see also Leval, op. cit., page 292.
16 Leval, op. cit., page 293; see also Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, op. cit., page 283.
17 Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, op. cit., page 283.
18 Bernecker, op. cit., page 128.
19 Ibid., pages 127-8.
20 Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, op. cit., page 286; see also Leval, op. cit., page 296.
21 Bernecker, op. cit., page 128.
22 Las Colectividades Campesinas 1936-1939, op. cit., page 284-5.
23 Ibid., page 284; see also Leval, op. cit., pages 288-294.
24 Leval, op. cit., pages 294-5; see also Colectividades Campesinas etc., op. cit., page 285-6.
25 Interview with Fulgencio Sañudo, in Madrid, August 29 1960.
26 Colectividades Campesinas etc., op. cit., page 280; see also Leval, op. cit.,. page 380; see also Leval, op. cit., pages 290-1.
27 CNT, Toulouse, December 17 1950.
28 Gaston Leval, Augustin Souchy, B. Can Ruiz: La Obre Constructiva de la Revolución Española, Editorial Ideas, Mexico, 1982, pages 115-16.
29 CNT, Toulouse, December 17 1980.
30 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 441, December 16 1937.
31 Caba Guijarro, op. cit., and F. Crespo: 'Castilla en la Lucha Libertaria', CNT, Toulouse, October 22 1961.
32 Boletín de Información CN.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 437, December 11, 1937.
33 Colectividades Campesinas etc., op. cit., 304-13; see also Leval, op. cit., pages 297-9.
34 Interview with Liberto Sarrau, in Paris, July 21 1960.
35 Tierra y Libertad, Barcelona, December 11 1937.
36 Cited in Burnett Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage: The Spanish Civil War and Revolution, 1936-1939, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968, page 195; see also Burnett Bolloten: The Spanish Revolution: The Left and the Struggle for Power During the Civil War, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1979, pages 228-9.
37 Cesar Lorenzo: Les Anarchists Espagnols et le Pouvoir 1863–1969, Editions Seiul, Paris, 1969, page 310.
38 Bolloten: The Grand Camouflage, etc., op. cit., page 196.
39 Bernecker, op. cit., page 108.
40 Ibid., page 110.
41 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 377, October 2 1937.
42 Borkenau, op. cit., page 203.
43 Ibid., pages 166-7.
44 Ibid., page 167.
45 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 280, June 10 1937.
46 Luciano Suero Sánchez: Memorias de un Campesino Andaluz en la Revolución Española, Quemada Ediciones, Madrid, 1982, page 110.
47 Ibid., page 111.
48 Interview with Francisco Olaya, in Toulouse, August 1 1960.
49 Ronald Fraser: Blood of Spain: The Experience of Civil War, 1936-1939, Penguin Books Ltd, London, 1979, page 371, footnote No. 1.
50 Antonio Rosado: Tierra y Libertad: Memorias de un Campesino Anarcosindicalista, Andaluz, Editorial Critica, Barcelona, 1979, pages 137-43.
51 Bernecker, op. cit., page 108.
52 Boletín de Información C.N.T., A.I.T., F.A.I., Barcelona, No. 336, August 14 1937.
53 Rosado, op. cit., page 197.
54 Ibid., pages 198-200.
55 See general discussion of the FRCA, in Rosado, op. cit., pages 149-205.
56 Ibid., pages 151-2.
57 Hugh Thomas: The Spanish Civil War, Harper & Row, New York, 1961, page 103.
58 Ibid., page 97.
59 Bernecker, op. cit., page 110.